Effect of outer water phase composition on oil droplet size and yield of (w1/o/w2) double emulsions.

In this study the effect of various emulsifiers (whey protein isolate (WPI), Na-caseinate, and Tween 20) and thickeners (xanthan and pectin) present in the outer water phase, w2, on oil droplet size and yield of the inner water phase, w1, of (w1/o/w2) double emulsions was investigated. Double emulsions stabilized by Tween 20 had smaller oil droplet sizes and higher yields in comparison to emulsions stabilized by WPI and Na-caseinate. Gelation of the inner water droplets w1 increased yield by 20% for all emulsifiers. Upon the addition of thickeners, the increasing viscosity of the outer water phase, w2, facilitated oil droplet breakup. This resulted in smaller oil droplets and lower yields. When pectin was used as a thickener, in comparison to xanthan, an additional decrease in yield was observed. The yield decreased to values close to zero indicating that all inner water droplets w1 were lost during emulsification. We conclude that type of hydrophilic emulsifier, properties of inner water droplets, viscosity ratio of continuous and dispersed phase, as well as type of thickener influence oil droplet size and yield of w1 phase of double emulsions. This work provides a better understanding of how composition influences the properties of double emulsions and how this can be used to design double emulsions as fat replacers in more complex food systems.

Influence of double (w1/o/w2) emulsion composition on lubrication properties.

Double (w1/o/w2) emulsions are potential fat replacers in foods. Fats are known for their lubricating properties, which contribute to texture perception. It is therefore of interest to understand how the composition of double emulsions influences lubrication properties. This study focuses on the understanding of the influence of the fraction of inner dispersed aqueous phase w1 and the gelation of the w1 droplets on the lubrication properties of double emulsions. The addition of an inner water phase w1 to the oil droplets decreased friction at low entrainment speeds due to adsorption of the lipophilic emulsifier polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) at the hydrophobic tribo-surface. At higher entrainment speeds, double emulsions with w1 fractions of up to 6% (corresponding to fat reduction of 20%) displayed comparable tribological behavior as full-fat single (o/w2) emulsions. For double emulsions with gelled w1 droplets at higher w1 fractions of up to 15% (corresponding to fat reduction of 50%), an increase in friction was observed compared to full-fat single (o/w2) emulsions. The increase in friction is probably related to the presence of gelled droplets expelled from the inner w1 into the outer w2 phase, and to the deformability of (w1/o) droplets. Lubrication decreased when gelled particles were expelled from the inner w1 phase to the outer w2 phase. Lubrication also decreased when the deformability of (w1/o) droplets decreased, since less deformable (w1/o) droplets spread less easily on the tribo-pair surface. Knowledge about lubrication properties of double emulsions can be used in future studies to relate composition to sensory perception and develop double emulsions further as fat replacers.

Descriptive sensory profiling of double emulsions with gelled and non-gelled inner water phase.

The use of double emulsions (w1/o/w2) has been acknowledged as a promising strategy to reduce oil content in several food applications. Despite the potential of double emulsions for oil reduction, their sensory properties have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated sensory perception of double emulsions by descriptive sensory profiling using a trained panel (n=11). Two sets of emulsions with either 30 or 50% dispersed phase fraction were studied. Each set differed in composition (gelled and non-gelled inner w1 phase, gelatin as gelling agent) and fat reduction level (30 to 50%), but was similar in oil droplet size and viscosity. Fat reduction level depended on the amount of water droplets entrapped inside the oil droplets. Emulsions were evaluated on nine attributes describing taste (T), mouth-feel (MF) and after-feel (AF) perception, including thickness (MF), creaminess (MF, AF), fattiness (MF, AF), and cohesiveness (MF). The replacement of oil by small water droplets w1 did not decrease the intensity of fat-related attributes. When inner w1 droplets were gelled, 47wt.% of oil could be replaced while increasing the intensity of fat-related attributes. This indicates that the sensory perception of single and double emulsions with gelled and non-gelled w1 phase is mainly determined by the total oil droplet surface area. The composition of the inner water phase (gelled or not) also influences the sensory perception of double emulsions. We conclude that fat reduction up to 47wt.% can be achieved in double emulsions while maintaining or enhancing fat-related sensory perception.

Clinical efficacy and safety of teicoplanin in the treatment of gram-positive infections.

This study was an open efficacy and safety study of teicoplanin in hospitalized patients with gram-positive infections. 26 patients entered the study. Teicoplanin was administered by intravenous bolus injection at a dose of 200 mg or 400 mg every 24 h, and in all cases an initial loading dose of 400 mg was given. The mean duration of treatment was 9.4 days (range four to 20 days). The infections included 18 skin/soft tissue, four lower respiratory tract, two urinary tract and two joint/bone. Clinical cure and improvement occurred in 20 of the 26 patients. Only two adverse events (moderate diarrhoea and mild pain at injection site) related to teicoplanin occurred in one patient. It was concluded that teicoplanin was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of gram-positive infections.

[Anatomo-pathological factors in the prognosis of rectal cancers. A mono- and multifactorial study]. / Facteurs anatomo-pathologiques de pronostic des cancers du rectum. Etude mono- et multifactorielle.

Pathological prognostic factors of rectal adenocarcinoma were studied retrospectively in 173 patients who underwent curative resection between 1970 and 1980. Analysis was mono- and multifactorial. Minimal and median follow-up were 24 and 66 months respectively. Three factors had a favorable influence on the local failure (LF) and distant metastasis (DM) risks: length of the tumor less than 2 cm; polypoid aspect; Astler-Coller's stage A. Four factors increased the LF risks: perineural invasion (LF = 57 p. 100); poorly differentiated or colloid tumors (LF = 50 p. 100); lymph node metastasis (LF: 43 p. 100); lymphatic invasion (LF = 36 p. 100). Two factors increased the DM risks: perineural invasion (DM = 43 p. 100); lymph node metastasis (DM = 37 p. 100). The multifactorial analysis showed that the risk factors were the same for LF as for DM. Perineural invasion (p less than 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p less than 0.002), level of extension of the tumor in the rectal wall (p = 0.005) were the most important factors for local recurrences. Lymph node metastasis (p less than 0.001), perineural invasion (p = 0.03) and level of extension in the wall (p = 0.05) were the most important factors for DM. These data suggest that a failure risks scale may be established and can be of help in stratifying patients in adjuvant treatment studies.

[Congenital microcoria: a case report with histopathological study]. / La microcorie congénitale: une observation avec étude histopathologique.

The authors report a case in which congenital microcoria was associated with glaucoma; a complete histopathological study was performed and the relation between microcoria and glaucoma was considered. The association with extra-ocular abnormalities, particularly renal lesions is noticed.

[Parenteral nutrition in postoperative gastrointestinal fistulas]. / Untersuchungen zur parenteralen Ernährung bei postoperativen gastrointestinalen Fisteln.

During 1981-1984 13 patients with clinically manifest postoperative fistulas (11 small intestinal and 2 colonic) were treated with parenteral hyperalimentation. The therapy only ensued on intensive care conditions and a spontaneous closure of the fistula was observed in 7 patients, in 2 patients closure ensued after relaparotomy and parenteral hyperalimentation the time before. Time of therapy was 18 days on an average, the amount of calories was 2,900-3,400 kcal/day.

[Nephrogenic metaplasia of the urothelial mucosa. Apropos of 11 cases]. / La métaplasie néphrogénique de la muqueuse urothéliale. A propos de onze observations.

The authors report eleven new cases of nephrogenic metaplasia - a substantial addition to the sixty-three cases already reported in the literature. In their series, two cases involved the ureter, and nine, the bladder. They discuss the clinical and pathological aspects of the disease, and put forward suggestions concerning different aspects of the histogenesis. They consider the possibility of introducing new terminology.

[Urinary myelin bodies and the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides]. / Corps myéliniques urinaires et néphrotoxicité des aminoglycosides.

In a significant number of cases, the administration of aminoglycosides induces renal failure. Electron microscopy has now shown that the renal lesion is mainly characterised by the appearance of myelin figures (myeloid bodies) in lysosomes of proximal convoluted tubules. These figures are then eliminated by urinary excretion. The search for and quantification of the myelin figures in urinary sediment seems to us to link the renal failure to the administration of aminoglycosides. Our study is based on 75 patients: 54 received aminoglycosides and 21 were controls. In each case myelin figures in the urinary sediment were grouped into one of 6 classes (O to V) according to their quantity. Comparison of the results with clinical factors showed 3 different correlations: 1) between the presence of myelin figures in the urine and the administration of aminoglycosides; 2) between the quantity of myelin figures and the accumulated dose of aminoglycosides; 3) between the quantity of myelin figures and obvious renal failure. The absence of myelin figures in control patients attests to their diagnostic value. Urine analysis to detect myelin figure appears to be a reliable technique in confirming the aminoglycoside's origin of an acute renal failure. It would also aid in determining and evaluating aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in animal experimentation and human pathology. Since this method is non invasive, repeated studies are possible in man as well as animals.

[Giant cell angiitis of the brain]. / Riesenzellangiitis des Gehirns.

A report is given on a 25-year-old man who was admitted to the hospital because of severe headache (CSF: 280 cells per mm3, 90% lymphocytes, later normal). Headache persisted for one year when acute deterioration occurred. The CSF showed 140 cells per mm3 (100% lymphocytes), 1 g% protein. Improvement of the patient's state after corticosteroid therapy. 9 months later he interrupted the intake of prednisolon and provoked exacerbation of the disease with motor and sensor disturbances. 21/2 years after the beginning of the symptomatology he suddenly developed cerebral coma and died. The autopsy revealed ischemic necrosis of both the left and the right thalamus, hemorrhage with destruction of the left-sided thalamus, nucleus caudatus, internal capsula and rupture into the lateral ventricle. Histologically, preparations from all parts of the brain revealed granulomatous angiitis of arteries, capillaries and veins with fibrinoid necrosis, infiltration of lymphocytes, histiocytes, epitheloid and plasma cells as well as numerous giant cells. Microaneurysms were found frequently. The inflammatory process showed various stages of the development indicating that more and more vessels had been involved at different times. Contrasting to giant cell arteritis of A. temporalis, in giant cell angiitis of the brain the blood sedimentation rate is frequently normal. In all reported cases, vessels of the leptomeninges were involved. Therefore, leptomeningeal biopsy is regarded as diagnostic procedure. The own observation as well as data of the literature demonstrate that giant cell angiitis of the brain is distinct from temporal arteritis (Horton's disease), not only because of differences in location, but also because of differences in age incidence and prognosis. It is supposed that giant cell angiitis is not a nosological entity, but the expression of different etiologic and pathogenetic mechanisms.

[Histoprognostic factors of non-infiltrating urothelial tumors of the bladder]. / Facteurs d'histopronostic des tumeurs urothéliales non infiltrantes de la vessie.

The authors reported a pathology and clinical study about 215 cases of non infiltrating transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. During the successive treatments of these lesions 475 specimens were collected. 5 tumours characteristics were analyzed: size of the tumour, multiplicity, microscopic structure, grade, mitotic index. The average time of supervision was 39,6 months. 75% of the patients presented a tumour recurrence over the 5 years period and in 3% of the cases deaths were directly attributable to the tumour. Multiplicity and especially mitotic index are the only tumour characteristics which correlated well with the likelihood of new tumour occurrence. The grade and the mitotic index are the best criteria to assess the risk of recurrence as an infiltrating carcinoma. The distribution of tumour characteristics shows that this type of lesion roughly keeps the same pathological pattern during recurrences. Nevertheless there exists a cellular dedifferentiation trend as well as an increase of mitotic index.

[Deposits of unusual structure in lupus glomerulonephritis]. / Dépôts de structure inhabituelle dans une glomérulonéphrite lupique.

The authors report a case of Lupus nephritis shown by ultrastructural analysis of subendothelial, mesangial and especially subepithelial deposits formed by aggregates of electron-dense straight tubular structures 20 to 30 nm in diameter. These unusual structural deposits, always identical, are observed in 4 biopsies performed over 8 years during the management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a young woman. They are compared to the usual "Fingerprint" deposits of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and to the geometric type deposits of cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis.

[Action of hemocoagulase on the cicatrization of the dura mater in rabbits. Preliminary results]. / Action de l'hémocoagulase sur la cicatrisation de la dure-mère du lapin. Résultats préliminaires.

The present study compares the cicatrization of the dura by administration of I.M. hemocoagulase. This study was done on 6 rabbits and 6 control animals. The authors think that the cicatrization is a little slower but of better quality. The hemocoagulase seems to favorize the vasculo-exsudative process of cicatrization. The fibrinous deposits are more important too. Perhaps the occlusion of C.S. fluid fistulas could be favorized by means of the used product. Definitive conclusions are not possible for the moment but a work on a larger scale is projected.

[Uterine adenomyosis (author's transl)]. / L'adénomyose utérine. 246 cas.

Uterine adenomyosis is a common, almost banal, lesion, since it is found in one uterus out of three by careful histological examination. In a continuous series of 926 hysterectomies for various indications, 246 adenomyosis lesions were demonstrated. In only 65 cases, adenomyosis was the sole histological lesion explaining bleeding or pain, symptoms refractory to routine conservative treatment (haemostatic curettage and/or hormone treatment) and therefore justifying surgical removal of the uterus. The role of adenomyosis in the failure of conservative treatment for diffuse fibromatosis at around the age of the menopause must be remembered. Almost 50% of specimens of hysterectomy for fibroma show evidence of associated histological lesions of internal uterine endometriosis. Whilst the hysterographic diagnosis may be suspected in almost 2/3 of cases, direct appearances of adenomyosis are found in only one case in four.

[Acrogeria. Clinical, histopathologic and ultrastructural study]. / L'acrogeria. Etude clinique, histopathologique et ultrastructurale

About a recent case of acrogeria a review of the 18 cases of the litterature defines the clinical and evolutive characteristics of this primary atrophy of the skin. The histopathological and ultrastructural study of the pathological dermis with regard to a reference specimen of same age and sex shows fibroblastic and fibrillary alterations. The hyperplastic orceinophilic material is mainly of the "pseudoelastic" type. The collagenous fibers are hypoplastic and often immature. An abundant granulofilamentous substance is visible in the extracellular space and in the fibroblasts proper; it is often intricated with the pseudoelastine and contains immature collagenous fibers. The cytoplasm of the fibroblasts is swollen by ergastoplasmic vacuoles filled with the granulofilamentous substance and contains numerous pseudomyelinic bodies. All these anomalies suggest that acrogeria could be a disease of the fibroblast.