Classification and Management of Failed Fixation of the Volar Marginal Fragment in Distal Radius Fractures.

Greater understanding of specific fracture patterns following distal radius fractures has arisen with the advent of volar plating. The volar marginal fragment (VMF) is a small peripheral piece of bone which is critical to carpal stability. Failure to achieve good fixation of the VMF can result in volar subluxation of the carpus and distal radioulnar joint instability. Due to its small, distal nature, this fragment can be easily missed and difficult to fix. Loss of reduction of the VMF following operative fixation presents specific challenges and surgical considerations dictated by patient characteristics and timing. Our goal of this review is to present a classification system for these failed VMFs which can help guide surgical treatment as well as expected outcomes.

Tips and Tricks in the Management of Distal Radius Fractures.

Distal radius fractures are common. Volar plating is a valuable approach for many fractures. There are also difficult fractures that require careful attention to the exposure and technique for successful volar plating. Classic approaches, such as external fixation with additional percutaneous reduction and pinning or bone graft and fragment-specific fixation, remain valuable especially when volar plating is not applicable. The main objectives are to review the intricacies of volar plating and the use of external fixation with distal radius fractures. This also includes an understanding of the associated injuries that are present with these fractures and the expected outcome of these injuries relative to the distal radius fracture. First, the challenges with volar locked plating as well as many tips and tricks to help with reduction and stabilization of these fractures are reviewed. Second, the benefits and tips and tricks of external fixation are discussed. Finally, the management of common combined injuries with distal radius fractures is reviewed.

The measurements of radon concentrations in drinking water and the Yesilirmak River water in the area of Amasya in Turkey.

This paper presents the results of radon ((222)Rn) concentrations in drinking water and river water. In this respect, water samples were collected in the city of Amasya, inner parts of the Median Black sea region in Turkey and the Yesilirmak River flowing through Amasya city centre. It was found that the concentrations in tap water, spring water and the Yesilirmak River water in Amasya ranged from 0.42 +/- 0.14 to 2.4 +/- 0.32 Bq l(-1), 0.39 +/- 0.19 to 1.17 +/- 0.21 Bq l(-1) and 0.28 +/- 0.04 to 1.08 +/- 0.30 Bq l(-1), respectively. From these data, the average effective dose equivalent from radon in tap water has been estimated as 5.87 microSv y(-1).