Leisure education in youth with developmental disabilities: Effects on individual quality of life, adaptive behavior, and family quality of life.

Leisure participation enhances the learning of adaptive skills and the quality of life in youth with developmental disabilities. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a leisure education program in individuals with developmental disabilities in terms of adaptive behavior and quality of life. Nine participants divided into two small groups and their families were included. A quasi-experimental design was employed to determine whether there was a program effect. The Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, the KIDSCREEN-27, and the Family Quality of Life Scale were administered before and after the intervention. There was a significant increase in social, home, and school skills as well as a better perception of quality of life in relationships with parents, social support, and school. In addition, the program affected the family's perception of practical and emotional support. Findings provide support for the application of this leisure program to enhance quality of life outcomes.

Factors associated to the market value of professional soccer players / Factores asociados al valor de mercado de los futbolistas profesionales / Fatores associados ao valor de mercado de jogadores profissionais de futebol

The objective of this study was analysed to the market value (MV) of professional soccer players from Top-5 European Soccer Leagues. An ANOVA analysed the effect of the independent variables on the MV of the soccer players, with p<0.01. Soccer players from the Premier League (PL) showed greater MV compared to other leagues. Foreign soccer players showed greater MV compared to national soccer players. Soccer players between 21-30 years showed greater MV compared to those <21 and >30 years. Forward and midfielders showed greater MV compared to goalkeepers and backs. Soccer players that represented their countries at international matches showed greater MV compared to those that did not. The soccer players with a youth background formation in their clubs in the Premier League and La Liga showed greater MV compared to soccer players coming from other clubs. In conclusion, extrinsic factors affect the MV of soccer players. Research results may be useful to the sport managers in the selection of professional soccer players. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el valor de mercado (VM) de futbolistas profesionales de las 5 mejores ligas europeas de fútbol. Se analizó el efecto de las variables independientes sobre el VM de los futbolistas, mediante una ANOVA con un nivel de significación de p <0.01. Los futbolistas de la Premier League (PL) mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los de otras ligas. Los futbolistas extranjeros mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los futbolistas nacionales. Los futbolistas entre 21-30 años mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los <21 y > 30 años. Los delanteros y centrocampistas, mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los porteros y los laterales. Los futbolistas que representaron a sus países en partidos internacionales mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los que no lo hicieron. Los futbolistas de formación juvenil en clubes de la PL y La Liga (LL) mostraron mayor VM en comparación con los futbolistas de otros clubes. En conclusión, factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos afectan el VM de los futbolistas. Los resultados de esta investigación pueden ser útiles para los directores deportivos en el proceso de selección de futbolistas profesionales. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o valor de mercado (VM) de jogadores de futebol profissional das 5 melhores ligas europeias de futebol. O efeito das variáveis independentes sobre a VM dos futebolistas foi analisado por meio de uma ANOVA com nível de significância de p <0,01. Os jogadores de futebol da Premier League (PL) apresentaram MV mais alto em comparação com os de outras ligas. Os jogadores de futebol estrangeiros apresentaram VM superior em comparação aos jogadores de futebol nacionais. Jogadores de futebol entre 21-30 anos apresentaram maior VM em comparação com aqueles com <21 e> 30 anos. Os atacantes e meio-campistas mostraram maior VM em relação aos goleiros e laterais. Os jogadores de futebol que representaram seus países em jogos internacionais apresentaram maior MV em comparação com aqueles que não o fizeram. Jogadores de futebol em formação de jovens em clubes da PL e La Liga (LL) apresentaram maior VM em comparação com jogadores de futebol de outros clubes. Em conclusão, fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos afetam a VM dos jogadores de futebol. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem ser úteis para dirigentes esportivos no processo de seleção de jogadores profissionais de futebol. (AU)

Adult Attachment, Conflict Resolution Style and Relationship Quality among Spanish Young-adult Couples.

The evidence of the interrelationships between adult attachment, conflict resolution style and relationship quality in couple relationships shows some inconsistencies and it is mostly based on English-speaking adult samples, as well as on individuals' rather than on both couple members' reports. Therefore, the aim was to examine the associations between adult attachment, conflict resolution style and relationship quality from a dyadic approach. A sample of 405 heterosexual young couples completed online the brief version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire, the respondent version of the Conflict Resolution Styles Inventory, and a 4-item measure of relationship quality. Avoidance attachment showed a stronger negative correlation than anxiety with relationship quality. Withdrawal and conflict engagement styles were more highly correlated with avoidance and anxiety, respectively. At a dyadic level, relationship quality was negatively predicted by actor avoidance attachment and positively predicted by partner relationship quality. No actor or partner effects of conflict resolution style on relationship quality were observed. Overall, partners with higher attachment anxiety and avoidance reported more dysfunctional conflict resolution styles and less satisfaction with the relationship.

Sexual Coercion Perpetration and Victimization: Gender Similarities and Differences in Adolescence.

Sexual coercion is a worldwide health problem that endangers the well-being of those involved. In the same line of the most recent and comprehensive studies, this study sought to investigate the extent of sexual coercion, both perpetration and victimization, among male and female adolescents. Moreover, it jointly analyzed the predictive power of different variables that have been considered as useful to design preventive programs. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study, using proportional stratified cluster sampling, was performed and 1,242 Spanish adolescents (15-19 years old) were surveyed. Results show that both genders had reported committing and suffering sexual coercion. However, perpetration was reported more often by males: no significant gender difference was found in victimization. It was also concluded that need for control and power, normative beliefs about sexual coercion, hostile sexism, negative alcohol expectancies, and sociosexual orientation were significant predictors of perpetration for both genders. Concerning victimization, need for control and power and normative beliefs were found to be significant predictors for males and females, as were negative alcohol expectancies and sexual esteem, though only for males. According to these results, both genders can be both perpetrators and victims of sexual coercion in adolescence, but not to the same extent. Moreover, preventive programs should include activities related to perpetration and victimization, taking into account the effectiveness of their components to intervene with male and female adolescents.

Pain, motor function and health-related quality of life in children with cerebral palsy as reported by their physiotherapists.

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents with cerebral palsy suffer from higher levels of pain than their peers without disability. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of pain on health-related quality of life and motor function in individuals with cerebral palsy as reported by health professionals. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in Associations for Care of Individuals with Cerebral Palsy and Related Disabilities (ASPACE) in Balearic Islands and Castile Leon (Spain). Thirty-five physiotherapists rated pain, health-related quality of life and motor function in 91 children and adolescents with cerebral palsy [8-19y]. A semi-structured interview was used to collect demographic and clinical data according with the Study of Participation of Children with Cerebral Palsy Living in Europe (SPARCLE). RESULTS: Physiotherapists reported that 51% of individuals with cerebral palsy suffered from pain. Physiotherapists also perceived that pain in individuals with cerebral palsy was responsible for reductions of psychological but not physical domains of health-related quality of life. According with physiotherapists' estimations, motor impairment scores were not correlated with pain scores in individuals with cerebral palsy, but they were significantly associated with physical and autonomy domains of health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlighted the importance of assessing and providing interventions for pain relief in persons with cerebral palsy even at an early age.

Environmental needs and facilitators available for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: adaptation and validation of the European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ) Spanish version.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to present the process of translating, adapting and validating the European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ) in the Spanish context. METHOD: The participants were 200 parents of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) aged 8-18 years, from seven regions in Spain. The adaptation of the ECEQ original version was carried out through the translation and back translation into Spanish. Construct validity was assessed by Factor analysis, Rasch model, and analysing group differences in need and availability of environmental features (EFs) according to level GMFCS. RESULTS: We obtained a high rate of parental response. The ECEQ Spanish version contains 59 items and we identified four domains: Products and technology - home, school and community - services, systems and policies, support and relations, and Attitudes. Seventeen items were dropped as they did not fit well into plausible domains. Construct validity in terms of distinguishing between groups with expected for both need and availability. CONCLUSION: The ECEQ Spanish version was more appropriate to assess the needs of and access to EFs in the following domains: Products and technology and services, systems and policies, and it proved less appropriate for the support and relations, and attitudes domains. Implications for Rehabilitation Identification of barriers and environmental facilitators are key aspects to ensure the participation of children and adolescents with CP. The ECEQ is a useful tool for identifying needs and availability of the environmental features for children and adolescents with CP in Spain. This tool contains 59 items that are consistent with ICF framework. The Spanish version of ECEQ provides valuable information, which could be helpful to guide public services and organization services in order to optimize participation of children and adolescents with CP.

Patterns and predictors of participation in leisure activities outside of school in children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy.

This study analyzed the patterns and predictors of participation in leisure activities outside of school of Spanish children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy (CP). Children and adolescents with CP (n = 199; 113 males and 86 females) participated in this cross-sectional study. Their mean age was 12.11 years (SD = 3.02; range 8-18 years), and they were evaluated using the Spanish version of the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE). Means, standard deviations and percentages were used to characterize the profile of participation, and linear regression analyses were employed to assess associations between the variables (child, family and environmental factors) and the diversity, intensity and enjoyment of participation. Children and adolescents with CP reported low diversity and intensity of participation and high levels of enjoyment. Participation in leisure activities outside of school was determined more by child and environmental factors than by family ones.

Características del comportamiento agresivo en las parejas de los adolescentes españoles / Characteristics of dating violence among Spanish adolescents

El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar algunas de las principales características del comportamiento agresivo en las relaciones de pareja adolescentes. Se contó con una muestra incidental de 601 estudiantes de enseñanzas medias (42% varones y 58% mujeres) de Salamanca (España). Los participantes tenían entre 15 y 19 años y mantenían una relación de pareja (44,4%) o la habían mantenido en los 12 meses previos al estudio (55,6%), de al menos un mes de duración. La estrategia de análisis se centró en establecer comparaciones entre chicos y chicas, bajo una doble perspectiva: agresiones cometidas y sufridas en sus relaciones de pareja. Los resultados muestran que los comportamientos agresivos, especialmente de tipo verbal-emocional, tienen una importante presencia en estas parejas. Consistentemente con investigaciones previas, los chicos manifiestan haber perpetrado más agresiones sexuales que las chicas; con relación a las agresiones verbales-emocionales, se da la situación opuesta y no se aprecian diferencias estadísticamente significativas intersexos en las agresiones físicas. Por último, se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados del estudio de cara a futuras investigaciones (AU)

This study examined dating violence in a sample of high school students to determine some of the main characteristics of this problem. An incidental sample of 601 adolescents (42% men and 58% women) was surveyed in Salamanca (Spain); participants were between 15 and 19 years old and were either involved in a romantic relationship (44.4% of the sample) or had had at least one serious relationship in the previous 12 months (55.6%), in both cases with a minimum length of one month. Analyses focused on comparing male and female reports of both perpetration and victimization in current dating relationships. The results indicated that the use of abusive behaviours, especially verbal-emotional abuse, is prevalent in Spain. Consistent with previous studies, adolescent boys reported higher perpetration levels of sexual abuse than female did, and adolescent girls reported higher perpetration levels of verbal-emotional aggression than males; there were no differences in self-reports of physical abuse. The implications of findings for future research are discussed

Personal factors and perceived barriers to participation in leisure activities for young and adults with developmental disabilities.

Participation in leisure activities has been identified as a factor that favors inclusion in the community and it also contributes to a better quality of life. This study analyzed the influence of certain personal characteristics and environmental factors in the participation in leisure activities of youngsters and adults with developmental disabilities. A cross-sectional design was used with a convenience sample of 237 people, aged 17-65, living in the community. The participants completed the Spanish version of the Leisure Assessment Inventory, and information about the personal and disability-related factors was obtained through a questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the personal factors, disability-related factors, and perceived barriers to leisure participation. The results show that participation in leisure activities is determined more by personal factors and perceived barriers than by disability-related factors.

La evaluación del apego romántico en adolescentes españoles: validación de la versión reducida del Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) / Measuring romantic attachment in Spanish adolescents: Validation of the brief form of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire

Este trabajo aborda el desarrollo y validación de una versión abreviada del cuestionario Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) en población adolescente. A través de un muestreo por conglomerados, considerando las aulas de los diferentes centros de enseñanza secundaria de Salamanca como unidades muestrales, se seleccionó la muestra. Finalmente, un total de 598 adolescentes (35.8% varones y 64.2% mujeres), de edades comprendidas entre 15 y 19 años, participaron en el estudio. El principal resultado que se deduce de este trabajo es que la versión reducida del ECR-R (18 ítems) presenta buenos índices de ajuste y fiabilidad para las subescalas de ansiedad y evitación. Asimismo, la correlación encontrada entre los factores latentes fue muy pequeña. En conclusión, la versión reducida de la ECR-R propuesta en este trabajo, además de estar adaptada a población española, es útil para medir el apego romántico en adolescentes (AU)

This work deals with the development and validation of the brief version of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Revised (ECR-R) Questionnaire for adolescents. The sample was selected using a cluster sampling, considering the classrooms of the different schools of Salamanca as sampling units or clusters. Finally, a total of 598 adolescents (35.8% males and 64.2% females) participated in this study. The main result found was that the original version of ECR-R of 36 items was reduced to 18, presenting appropriate levels of adjustment indexes and reliability for the anxiety and avoidance subscales. In addition, the correlation found between the latent factors was very low. In summary, the short-form of the ECR-R adapted to Spanish population and proposed in this study, has shown to be useful to evaluate and measure romantic attachment in adolescents (AU)

Acoso sexual entre iguales: incidencia y reacción emocional en una muestra de estudiantes de 4º de educación secundaria obligatori / Peer sexual harassment: incidence and emotional reaction in a sample of 4th year students in obligatory secondary education

El propósito de esta investigación es aproximarnos al estudio del acoso sexual entre iguales en la adolescencia. Para ello, 283 estudiantes (53% chicos, 47% chicas) entre 15 y 17 años respondieron de manera anónima a un cuestionario que intentaba obtener información acerca de la incidencia de la victimización y perpetración de las conductas relacionadas con el acoso sexual a lo largo del último año, y la reacción emocional ante episodios recientes. Los resultados indican que las conductas de acoso sexual forman parte de las interacciones entre adolescentes ya que la mayor parte de los participantes se ha visto envuelto en algún episodio de acoso sexual (89,4%), y que aunque varones y mujeres son víctimas en la misma medida, los varones cometen más conductas de acoso sexual. Por otro lado, las mujeres señalan sentirse peor que los varones ante episodios concretos. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de seguir indagando en los patrones de victimización sexual de los adolescentes, que nos permitan diseñar futuras intervenciones dirigidas a promocionar el bienestar en las relaciones interpersonales (AU)

The purpose of this paper was to explore peer sexual harassment in adolescence. 283 students (53% boys, 47% girls) between 15 and 17 years of age completed an anonymous questionnaire designed to obtain information about the incidence of victimization and perpetration during the previous year, and the emotional response to recent episodes. Results indicate that sexual harassment related behaviors are part of the interactions among adolescents, since most of participants have been involved in some situation of peer sexual harassment (89.4%). Although boys and girls are victims to the same extent, boys are more likely to commit sexual harassment than girls. Moreover, girls reported feeling worse in specific episodes. Finally, data also underscore the need for additional research in patterns of sexual victimization among adolescents that allows us to design future interventions that promote the wellbeing in interpersonal relationships