External Ear Anthropometry of Healthy Turkish Young Adults.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the external ear values in Turkish young adults with 2-dimensional photogrammetry. METHODS: One hundred males and 100 females aged between 18 and 25 years were included in the study. Individuals were photographed from both sides. Ear length (superaurel-subaurel, spa-sba ), ear width (preaurel-postaurel, pra-pa ), and the angle between the vertical axis of the auricle and the line between spa and sba (ear incline angle, eia ) were measured in these photographs. Also, auricular index ( pra-pa / spa-sba ×100) was calculated. RESULTS: The average values of the spa-sba, pra-pa , eia , and auricular index were found as 65.46±4.68 mm, 37.89±3.61 mm, 19.40±4.83 degrees, and 57.93±4.53 in males and 60.90±5.35 mm, 35.62±3.69 mm, 17.95±4.86 degrees, and 58.65±5.29 in females, respectively. While the values of spa-sba ( P =0.001 for the right side and P =0.001 for the left side), pra-pa ( P =0.001 for the right side and P =0.001 for the left side), and eia ( P =0.024 for the right side and P =0.041 for the left side) were statistically higher for males than females, there was no statistically significant difference between the sex and the auricular index ( P =0.404 for the right side and P =0.955 for the left side). Besides, there was no statistically significant difference between the sides for these 4 parameters ( P =0.760, 0.409, 0.225, and 0.521, respectively). CONCLUSION: The authors believe that the results obtained for Turkish young adults can be used as reference values, which can be used in the diagnosis, follow, or surgical treatment of many diseases, forensic procedures, and planning esthetic surgery procedures.

Impact of COVID-19 on emergency service usage in Turkey: interrupted time series analysis.

The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which constitutes an extraordinary situation, on the habits of emergency health service use. The data of the study consist of emergency service applications of a public hospital in Turkey between the years 2018-2021. The number of applications to the emergency service was examined periodically. The interrupted time series analysis method was used to reveal the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on emergency service admissions. When the main findings are analyzed in quarterly periods (3 months = 1 quarter); there has been a sharp decrease in emergency service applications since March 2019, when the first case was seen in Turkey. When an evaluation is made between consecutive quarters, it is seen that there are fluctuations up to 80% in the number of applications. When the statistical analysis findings are examined; while the effect of COVID-19 on the number of applications was found to be significant for the first four periods, it was found to be insignificant for the following periods. With the conducted study, it was revealed that COVID-19 has a significant impact on the use of emergency health services. Although there was a statistically significant decrease in the number of applications, especially in the months following the first case, there was an increase in the number of applications over time. Considering the necessity of using emergency health services when necessary, it can be thought that some of the decrease in the number of applications during the COVID-19 period will be related to the use of unnecessary emergency health services.

Radiologic Evaluation of the Fossa Navicularis on Dry Skull: A Comparative CBCT Study.

Fossa navicularis (FN) is defined as bony depression that is not always present and is located anterior to the foramen magnum and pharyngeal tubercle on the inferior aspect of the basilar part of the occipital bone. It has been reported that FN can create an infection spread path from the pharynx to the intracranial structures. Therefore, the diagnosis of this variation is important. Although cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) diagnostic accuracy has mostly been verified in detection and quantification particularly on human skulls, there is no study comparing morphometric measurements between direct measurement on the skull and CBCT measurement. The main object of this study is to evaluate the presence of FN on dry bones and CBCT images of the same dry skull and to examine the morphometric and morphological features of this formation. Thirty-two random craniums that were made available for this study that did not have any fractures or deformities of the cranial base were examined. The sagittal diameter, transverse diameter, and depth of the FN was measured both directly on dry skulls and radiologically on CBCT images of dry skull. In addition, the shape of FN (SFN) was determined. FN was detected in 10 (31.25%) of 32 craniums examined with both modalities. It was determined that sagittal diameter of the FN, transverse diameter of the FN, depth of the FN, and the shape of FN did not show a statistically significant difference between the 2 measurements. Unlike the literature, FN was investigated on dry bones both directly and in CBCT images in this study. In contrast to previously thought the FN may be smaller according to this findings, and this small variation can be detected with CBCT images. According to this findings, it can be said that morphometric evaluations on CBCT are accurate and reliable, and CBCT is a safe method for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Change in the Location of the Optic Strut Relative to the Anterior Clinoid Process Pneumatization.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to peruse the alteration of the position of the optic strut (OS) according to the anterior clinoid process (ACP) pneumatization. METHODS: This retrospective study conducted on cone-beam computed tomography images of 400 patients with a mean age of 36.49±15.91 years. RESULTS: Anterior clinoid process length, width, and angle were measured as 10.56±2.42 mm, 5.46±1.31 mm, and 42.56±14.68 degrees, respectively. The tip of ACP was measured as 6.60±1.50 mm away from the posterior rim of OS. In the 631 sides (78.87%) did not have ACP pneumatization. In the cases with ACP pneumatization, three different configurations were identified as follows: Type 1 in 71 sides (8.87%), Type 2 in 56 sides (7%), and Type 3 in 42 sides (5.23%). Relative to ACP, the location of OS was determined as follows: Type A in 29 sides (3.64%), Type B in 105 sides (13.12%), Type C in 344 sides (43%), Type D in 289 sides (36.12%), and Type E in 33 sides (4.12%). The spread of data related to the attachment site of OS according to the presence or absence of ACP pneumatization showed that the location of OS was affected by ACP pneumatization ( P <0.001). In ACPs with pneumatization, the frequency of OS position relative to ACP was found as follows: Type A in none of sides (0%), Type B in 8 sides (7.6%), Type C in 53 sides (15.4%), Type D in 88 sides (30.4%), and Type E in 20 sides (60.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The main finding of this study was that the location of OS relative to ACP was affected by ACP pneumatization. In ACPs with pneumatization, OS was located more posteriorly compared with ACPs without pneumatization.

Evaluation of the Cranial Aperture of the Optic Canal on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images and its Clinical Implications for the Transcranial Approaches.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate morphometric properties of the cranial aperture (CA) of the optic canal. METHODS: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 400 individuals (200 males and 200 females) aged 37.32 ± 15.87 years were retrospectively examined to assess the morphometry and morphology of the CA. RESULTS: The height and width of CA were found as 4.22 ± 0.74 mm and 7.27 ± 1.15 mm, respectively. The distances between the CA and the midsagittal line, the anterior and lateral boundaries of the anterior skull base were measured as 5.77 ± 1.32 mm, 64.97 ± 6.36 mm, and 41.00 ± 4.05, respectively. The angle of the optic canal in the sagittal plane was measured as 7.57° ± 3.95°, whereas in the horizontal plane as 38.96° ± 4.36°. The aperture shape was defined as the tear-drop (413 foramina, 51.62%), triangular (180 foramina, 22.50%), oval (158 foramina, 19.75%), round (30 foramina, 3.75%), and polygonal (19 foramina, 2.38%). CONCLUSIONS: The authors observed that the diameters, and angulations of the CA may change relative to gender and the shape. The anatomic features of CA are important for the positioning of the patient's head, the choice of the appropriate surgical approach or equipment, and the detection of anatomical landmarks during interventions. In this context, our dataset may be beneficial for surgeons helpful as a reference for radiological evaluations.

Lip Anthropometry of Healthy Turkish Young Adults.

ABSTRACT: The lips play an important role in evaluating and recognizing the craniofacial complex and our perception of facial beauty and attractiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric measurements of the lips of Turkish young adults and to look for sexual dimorphism. Anterior view photographs were taken of 100 females and 100 males who volunteered to participate in the study. Seven landmarks were determined, stomion (st), sublabiale (sl), subnasale (sn), labiale superius (ls), labiale inferius (li), crista philtre (cp), and chelion (ch). Then, using these landmarks, lower lip height (st-sl), upper lip height (sn-st), philtrum length (sn-ls), upper vermilion height (ls-st), lower vermilion height (li-st), cutaneous lower lip height (li-sl), philtrum width (cp-cp), and mouth width (ch-ch) were measured. It was observed that there was a statistical difference between genders in the parameters of st-sl, sn-st, sn-ls, li-sl, and ch-ch (P = 0.001, for these parameters). Besides, using these distances, 6 anthropometric ratios (ls-st/li-st, sn-ls/ls-st, li-sl/li-st, sn-st/st-sl, cp-cp/ch-ch, and ls-li/ch-ch) were calculated. Among the ratios investigated, sn-ls/ls-st, li-sl/li-st, and cp-cp/ch-ch were statistically significantly larger in males compared females (P = 0.012, P = 0.002, and P = 0.001, respectively). We believe that the results obtained in this study regarding lip anthropometry will help determine the standard values that can be used for the Turkish population aged 18 to 25.

Anatomical Evaluation of the Foramen Magnum on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images and Review of Literature.

Background and objective The morphology and morphometry of the foramen magnum (FM), which provides a passageway to vital neurological structures that relay information to and from the brain and spinal cord, are significant for many surgical approaches and applications. It was aimed to investigate the morphometric and morphological features of the FM on the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and to review the literature in detail. Methods CBCT images of 400 individuals (200 males, 200 females, aged between 18 and 65) were evaluated by Planmeca Romexis Viewer. The length, width, perimeter, and area of the FM were examined and samples were classified according to shape. Also, the FM index (FMI) was calculated. Results The mean values of the length, width, and perimeter were found to be 36.75±2.50 mm, 32.55±2.93 mm, and 108.35±7.50 mm, respectively. The area of FM was found to be 941.81±128.26 mm2, 946.83±127.39 mm2, and 895.76±123.50 mm2 with Planmeca Romexis Viewer, Radinsky formula, and Teixeira formula, respectively. All parameters were significantly larger in males than females. There was no correlation between age and these parameters. Also, seven shapes were determined for FM, and the most common shape was oval. FM index was evaluated according to the Martin and Saller classification. It was found that 16.5% of the cases belonged to the narrow, 16% belonged to the medium, and 67.5% to the large FM index. There was no correlation between age and FM index. Conclusion Morphometric and morphological features of the FM located in the craniovertebral junction (CVJ), which is a highly complex area, are variable. Surgical procedures and approaches in this region are essential due to the high mortality rate. For this reason, anatomical structures in these regions should be well known before surgery. The quantitative data presented in this study, which made a detailed literature comparison, may assist in surgical procedures around the FM and the planning of these procedures.

A Thick Anastomotic Vein Between Cephalic and Lateral Radial Veins: Clinical Significance of an Unusual Variation.

This study presents a thick anastomosis between the cephalic vein and lateral radial vein which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported before in the literature. During routine cadaver dissection in the right upper extremity of a 54-year-old male cadaver; in the anterior cubital region, a very thick anastomotic branch was found by piercing the deep fascia, going upwards and laterally, and joining the cephalic vein. Deep dissection results showed that this branch provided an anastomosis between the lateral radial vein and cephalic vein. Despite that variations of superficial veins in the upper extremity are common, the presence of a branch connecting deep and superficial veins is a rare situation. It is well known that veins in the cubital fossa are essential in traditional diagnosis and treatment procedures. Arteriovenous fistula procedure is a widely used method applied by creating a fistula between the cephalic vein or basilic vein and the brachial artery to provide vascular access for hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure. Drainage of the lateral radial vein into the cephalic vein through a thick branch, as determined in this case, may disrupt venous drainage in the forearm in an arteriovenous fistula procedure performed between the cephalic vein and the brachial artery. On the other hand, in such a case, if the basilic vein is preferred for this procedure, it is thought that the rate of impairment of venous drainage may be less.

The Confusion of Determining the Landmark in the Craniofacial Soft Tissue Analyzes: Nasion or Sellion?

ABSTRACT: In the literature, most of the craniofacial anthropometric landmarks found on both bones and soft tissue have been clearly defined and widely used. However, it seems that few landmarks such as nasion are generally often set incorrectly. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to examine the nasion and sellion in the dry bones and to review the definitions of each landmarks. A total of 41 adult skulls, whose nasofrontal region was not deformed and whose age, gender and ethnic origin were not known, were examined. It was found that nasion and sellion are at the same point in 24 of the 41 (58.54%) bones examined, and that in 17 of them (41.46%), sellion is below the nasion. In the bones where the sellion is below the nasion, the average distance between each two landmarks was determined as 4.53 ±â€Š0.95 mm. Consequently, we think that it is not possible to determine nasion in the indirect craniofacial soft tissue analyzes, and it would be better to use sellion as a reference landmark instead of nasion.

The Radiological Evaluation of the Mastoid Process and Its Implications for Surgical Approaches.

Background and objective In various surgical procedures, in approaching the posterior fossa and the posterolateral cranial base, surface markings are used to locate the groove for transverse and sigmoid sinuses, and their junction. Determining these surface landmarks, especially the mastoid bone and its surrounding anatomical formations, is extremely valuable. The purpose of this study was to examine the anatomical features and the relationship between the mastoid process and surrounding structures on cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. Methods Before starting this retrospective study, approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Gaziantep University (approval date: 04/12/2019; number: 470). Individuals who consulted the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology of Gaziantep University's Faculty of Dentistry between 2015-2018 for any reason and whose CBCT images were taken were included in this study. Frankfort horizontal plane was used for the standardization of the images. Measurements were made on three different sections: coronal, transverse, and sagittal. Results The cohort consisted of 149 females and 98 males; the mean age of the participants was 45.72 ± 17.12 years. It was determined that homogeneity was achieved in terms of data distribution between genders according to age (p=0.777). Additionally, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between the genders in all parameters except anterior inclination angle (AIA), and higher values were found in males. Conclusion We believe that the results obtained from this study may contribute toward decreasing the complication rate and increasing success in surgical procedures, especially with respect to approaching the posterior fossa and the posterolateral cranial base.

Radiologic evaluation of the fossa navicularis: incidence, morphometric features, and clinical implications.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and morphometric and morphological characteristics of fossa navicularis (FN) on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of healthy adults MATERIALS AND METHODS: CBCT images of 900 individuals (450 males, 450 females, over the age of 18) admitted to Gaziantep University, Dentistry Faculty were retrospectively examined. The incidence and shape of FN were determined. Transverse diameter (TDFN), sagittal diameter (SDFN), depth in transverse section (DFNT), depth in sagittal section (DFNS), and the shortest distance between the deepest point of FN and intracranial cavity (FNI) were measured. RESULTS: FN was detected in 122 (59 males and 63 females) of 900 (13.56%) CBCT images. No statistically significant difference was observed between gender and the incidence of FN. SDFN, TDFN, DFNS, DFNT and FNI were measured as 4.04 ± 1.71, 4.28 ± 1.34, 1.79 ± 0.68, 2.34 ± 0.85, and 6.76 ± 2.23 mm, respectively. Besides, FN was described as oval in 95 of 122 (77.87%) cases, while as round in 27 (22.23%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of FN is rare; however, it may be responsible for serious consequences by causing infections from the nasopharynx to the intracranial cavity. As far as we know, the distance between the deepest point of FN and the intracranial cavity was measured for the first time in the literature with this study.

The effects of amantadine on lung tissue in lower limb ischemia/reperfusion injury model in rats.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the effect of amantadine on lung tissue of after lower limb ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS: A total of 24 Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups including six rats in each: sham group (Group S), amantadine group (Group A), ischemia/reperfusion group (Group I/R), and ischemia/reperfusion + amantadine group (Group I/R-A). All groups underwent a midline abdominal incision. In Groups I/R and I/R-A, the infrarenal abdominal aorta was clamped for 120 min and, then, reperfused for 120 min after removal of the clamp. Amantadine hydrochloride 45 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally to the rats of Groups A and Group I/R-A 15 min before surgery. At the end of reperfusion period (240 min), all rats were sacrificed, and their lung tissues were obtained. Lung tissue catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione S-transferase and malondialdehyde levels were analyzed. Lung tissues were examined histopathologically. RESULTS: Catalase activity was lower in Groups A, I/R, and I/R-A compared to Group S. Superoxide dismutase activity was higher in Group I/R than Group S. Superoxide dismutase activity in Groups I/R-A and A decreased, compared to Groups S and I/R. Glutathione S-transferase levels decreased in Groups I/R and A, compared to Group S. Glutathione S-transferase levels in Group I/R-A were higher than Groups I/R and A. The highest level of malondialdehyde was found in Group I/R and the lowest level was found in Group I/R-A. According to histopathological examination, infiltration scores were significantly lower in Group S than Groups I/R and I/R-A (p=0.009 and p=0.011, respectively). The alveolar wall thickening scores in Group I/R were also significantly higher than Groups S and Group A (p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Lung tissue can be affected histopathologically by ischemia/ reperfusion injury and this injury can be reversed by amantadine administration.

External Nose Anthropometry of Healthy Turkish Young Adults.

ABSTRACT: Although many studies in the literature examine distances and angles about the nose, there are no clear standard values for different races and ethnic groups. The aim of this study is to determine the anthropometric measurement standards related to the external nose in Turkish young adults between the ages of 18 and 25. The subjects participating in this study were 100 female and 100 male volunteers. Six landmarks (nasion, subnasale, pronasale, alar, subalar and maxillofrontale) on the nose were chosen, and these landmarks were identified on the photographs. Then, using these landmarks, a total of seven distances (nose height, dorsum of nose length, distance between the subnasale and pronasale, nose width, right nostril floor width, left nostril floor width and root of nose width) and four angles (nasofrontal, nasofacial, nasomental and nasolabial angles) measurements were made. There were statistically significant differences between gender in nine parameters. One parameter (nasofrontal angle) is higher in females, and seven parameters (nose height, dorsum of nose length, nose width, right nostril floor width, left nostril floor width, root of nose width and nasofacial angle) are higher in males. It is accepted that distances and angles about the nose differ according to race and ethnicity. The authors believe that the results obtained in this study will help determine the standard values that can be used for the Turkish population between the ages of 18 and 25.

The Radiological Evaluation of the Crista Galli and Its Clinical Implications for Anterior Skull Base Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Crista galli is extremely important in the endoscopic transcribriform approaches and some extradural approaches. Because of its clinical significance, the morphometric properties of crista galli should be well known. In this study, it was aimed to examine the morphometry and the pneumatization incidence of the crista galli in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, the length and width of the crista galli were measured in CBCT images of 300 healthy individuals. Besides, the presence of crista galli pneumatization was examined. RESULTS: The length and width of the crista galli were determined to be as 14.03 ±â€Š2.93 mm and 3.73 ±â€Š1.48 mm, respectively. Pneumatized crista galli was detected in 53 out of 300 individuals (17.67%). There was no statistical difference between the presence of pneumatization and both length and width values of the crista galli (P = 0.876 and P = 0.478, respectively). In addition, no relationship was determined between age and the presence of pneumatization (P = 0.167). CONCLUSION: In this study, it is seen that the length (range: 6.00-23.40 mm) and width (range: 1.40-8.00 mm) of crista galli are in a very wide range. Besides, it is seen in the literature that the incidence of crista galli pneumatization is in a very wide range (2.4% to 66.6%). Based on the available data, it will not be possible to determine a specific range of values for crista galli morphometry. Therefore, the authors think that CT imaging is extremely important in preoperative evaluation.

Examination of the Safe Zone in Mandibular Ramus Osteotomies.

ABSTRACT: In the surgical procedures such as osteotomy to be applied to ramus of the mandible, care should be taken not to damage the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). The safe zone, which is the area above and behind the mandibular foramen (MF), is the ramus of mandible area, where these surgeries can be performed without damaging the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle. It was aimed to determine the safe zone in the ramus of mandible in the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of individuals. The CBCT images of 300 Turkish individuals between the ages of 18 to 65 were bilaterally and retrospectively evaluated. Three parameters on the sagittal and two parameters on the axial plane were measured. Additionally, two ratios were calculated which determined the superior and posterior part of the safe zone through the measured parameters. In this study, the safe zone was determined as the area where 55% of the upper part and 49% of the posterior part of the mandibular ramus. Determining the safe zone in surgical procedures to be applied to the ramus of mandible will help protect the neurovascular structures passing through the MF, reduce complications and increase the success rate of the surgical procedure. However, it is seen that there are few studies on this subject in the literature and there are some differences between these studies. The authors think that preoperative CBCT screening will be safer for each patient in the mandibular ramus osteotomies and more studies should be done on different populations to determine standard values.

Evaluation of attitudes and opinions of medical faculty students against the use of cadaver in anatomy education and investigation of the factors affecting their emotional responses related thereto.

INTRODUCTION: The encounter with the cadaver is one of the few experiences that have a profound effect on the educational life of the medical students. The objective of this study was to investigate medical student's attitudes and opinions towards the use of cadaver in anatomy education, as well as the factors affecting the emotional reactions they demonstrate in their repeated encounter with the cadaver. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Before the study, ethics committee approval for the study was obtained from the Gaziantep University Clinical Researches Ethical Committee (decision date and number: 2016/40). Two different questionnaires were administered to 351 students who participated in the study. Questionnaire-I was administered before the student's first encounter with the cadaver, whereas Questionnaire-II was administered twice, one after student's first encounter with the cadaver and the other after student's fifth encounter with the cadaver. RESULTS: The females got significantly more excited before their first encounter with the cadaver, and that they felt more fear and more sadness for the cadaver (p = 0.001, p = 0.002, and p = 0.019, respectively). On the other hand, the males felt significantly readier to see the cadaver (p = 0.002). It was found that statements of emotional shock, excitement, sadness, and fear coming from the participants decreased significantly after their fifth encounter with the cadaver (p = 0.028, p = 0.001, p = 0.048, and p = 0.039, respectively). CONCLUSION: Repeated encounters with cadavers were found to have reduced the negative emotions felt by the students, but have negatively affected the thoughts of the students in respect of donating their bodies.

Craniofacial Anthropometry of Healthy Turkish Young Adults: Outer Canthal, Inner Canthal, Palpebral Fissure, and Interpupillary Distances.

ABSTRACT: This study aims to examine the values of the orbital region in Turkish young adults by the two-dimensional photogrammetry. Anthropometric measurements of the eye and eyelid-related parameters were taken from 100 female and 100 male volunteer Turkish young adults, ranging in age from 18 to 25 years. Endocanthion (en), exocanthion (ex), and pupil (p) were identified on the photograph and the distances between these points were measured with the ImageJ program. The average values of the en-en, ex-en (R), ex-en (L), p-p, and ex-ex were found as 32.92 ±â€Š2.84, 32.48 ±â€Š2.06, 32.22 ±â€Š2.01, 65.32 ±â€Š3.77, and 97.75 ±â€Š5.09 mm, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the genders in all parameters. Although there are many studies examining these parameters, comprehensive studies are needed in different populations and in many cases. In this study, we believe that the results obtained for Turkish young adults can be used as reference values.

Morphometric evaluation of the temporomandibular joint on cone-beam computed tomography.

INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathologies with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides essential information about the bone structures of the TMJ. It is important to know the normal reference range when defining these pathologies. The aim of this study is to examine the morphometric and morphologic analyses of the bone structures of TMJ on the CBCT images in detail according to age, gender, and joint side. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 35 parameters related to the condylar process, articular tubercle, mandibular fossa, ramus of mandible, and joint space were examined on the CBCT images. These parameters were compared with the joint sides and gender, and correlated with age. RESULTS: Thirty-five parameters were evaluated. A statistically significant difference was found between genders in 22 parameters and joint sides in 6 parameters. When the correlation of parameters with age was examined; it was found that there was a very weak positive relationship in nine parameters, a weak positive relationship in one parameter, and a very weak relationship in the negative direction in two parameters. CONCLUSION: In this study, the condylar process, articular tubercle, mandibular fossa, ramus of mandible, and joint spaces, which are usually examined separately in the literature, were examined, and the normal reference range was determined for all these parameters. We think that these normal reference ranges will be useful for researchers interested in TMJ pathologies.