Influence of trichomes on attractiveness and ovipositional preference of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomato genotypes

Brazil is one of the world's largest tomato producer, but considerable part of the production is lost due to the attack of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B biotype. Resistant germoplasm plants can be an important method for B. tabaci control in integrated pest management approaches. The attractiveness and ovipositional preference of B. tabaci for 17 tomato genotypes were evaluated in a free-choice test. Trials were set up in a randomized block design with ten replicates. Each replicate (one tomato plant per pot) was placed in a cage (80 x 50 x 50 cm) and infested with 1,000 adults during four days. Linear correlation tests were applied between the number of insects and eggs and number of trichomes in each tomato genotype. LA716, LA444-1 and PI134418 genotypes were the least attractive, while the 'Santa Clara' was the most attractive; PI134417 trapped the largest number of adults. LA716 genotype (4.1 eggs/leaflet and 2.1 cm²/eggs per leaflet) was the least preferred for whitefly oviposition; NAV1062, 'Fanny', LA1335, 'Santa Clara' and IAC294 were the most preferred genotypes. The glandular trichomes density was negatively correlated with whitefly's attractiveness and oviposition per leaflet and per leaf, and positively with the number of trapped insects. The non-glandular trichomes density was negatively correlated with the number of trapped insects and positively with whitefly's oviposition per cm²/leaflet andper cm²/leaf. LA716 had high antixenosis level (ovipositional nonpreference) toward B. tabaci B biotype related with type IV glandular trichome.

Efeito de genótipos de tomateiro e de extratos aquosos de folhas de Melia azedarach e de sementes de Azadirachta indica sobre Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) / Effects of tomato genotypes and aqueous extracts of Melia azedarach leaves and Azadirachta indica seeds on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Insecticide plants are an important tool among the new alternatives for pest control in IPM systems because they reduce the use of synthetic insecticides, preserving human health and the environment. We investigated the effects of aqueous extracts of Melia azedarach leaves and Azadirachta indica seeds and three tomato genotypes, 'Santa Clara', 'IPA-5' - Solanum lycopersicum (= Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), and LA444-1 - S. peruvianum (= L. peruvianum), on the development, reproduction and longevity of the tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), under laboratory conditions. The trials were set up in a completely randomized design, with nine treatments [three genotypes x two extracts (M. azedarach and A. indica) and control]. The replication consisted on five tubes, each with three newly hatched larvae, totalizing 90 individuals per treatment. The larvae were fed with tomato leaves treated with aqueous extracts at 0.1 percent concentration or distilled water (control) and daily observed until adults' emergence. Larval and pupal development and mortality, pupal weight, longevity and fecundity were evaluated. The accession LA444-1 negatively affected the development and reproduction of T. absoluta; the tomato pinworm had similar development and reproduction on 'IPA-5' and 'Santa Clara' (the susceptible control). The association of resistant tomato genotypes and extracts of M. azedarach leaves and neem seeds did not result in synergistic or antagonistic effects on T. absoluta.

Influence of trichomes on attractiveness and ovipositional preference of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomato genotypes.

Brazil is one of the world's largest tomato producer, but considerable part of the production is lost due to the attack of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B biotype. Resistant germoplasm plants can be an important method for B. tabaci control in integrated pest management approaches. The attractiveness and ovipositional preference of B. tabaci for 17 tomato genotypes were evaluated in a free-choice test. Trials were set up in a randomized block design with ten replicates. Each replicate (one tomato plant per pot) was placed in a cage (80 x 50 x 50 cm) and infested with 1,000 adults during four days. Linear correlation tests were applied between the number of insects and eggs and number of trichomes in each tomato genotype. LA716, LA444-1 and PI134418 genotypes were the least attractive, while the 'Santa Clara' was the most attractive; PI134417 trapped the largest number of adults. LA716 genotype (4.1 eggs/leaflet and 2.1 cm²/eggs per leaflet) was the least preferred for whitefly oviposition; NAV1062, 'Fanny', LA1335, 'Santa Clara' and IAC294 were the most preferred genotypes. The glandular trichomes density was negatively correlated with whitefly's attractiveness and oviposition per leaflet and per leaf, and positively with the number of trapped insects. The non-glandular trichomes density was negatively correlated with the number of trapped insects and positively with whitefly's oviposition per cm²/leaflet andper cm²/leaf. LA716 had high antixenosis level (ovipositional nonpreference) toward B. tabaci B biotype related with type IV glandular trichome.

[Biological aspects of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on six bean genotypes]. / Aspectos biológicos de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em seis genótipos de feijoeiro.

The silverleaf whitefly is one of the most harmful pests that attack bean crops, mainly for extracting large quantities of phloem sap and transmitting the bean golden mosaic virus. Resistant germoplasm plants can be an important method for controlling this pest. The biological aspects of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes were evaluated. The tests were conducted under laboratory conditions, with the following genotypes: Arc 1, Arc 3s, Arc 5s, G13028, G11056 and Porrillo 70. The bean plants in a stage IV-1 were infested during one day with silverleaf whiteflies. Afterwards the eggs and nymphs were observed until adult emergence. Longevity and fecundity of emerged insects were also evaluated. The longest development time occurred for nymphs fed on Arc 3s genotype (26.5 days), following by G11056 (25.9 days) and G13028 (25.3 days). The development period was 5.5 days longer in Arc 3s when compared with Porrillo 70. Also, the wild genotypes Arc 3s and G11056 showed higher mortality rates (94.7% and 83.1%, respectively), which may suggest antibiosis and/or feeding nonpreference resistance type. For this reason, although longevity and fecundity were not influenced when the whitefly fed on resistant genotypes (Arc 3s, G11056, G13028 and Arc 5s), those genotypes can be used for bean breeding program towards B. tabaci B biotype.

Aspectos biológicos de Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em seis genótipos de feijoeiro / Biological aspects of Bemisia tabaci (Genn) B biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on six bean genotypes

A mosca-branca é um dos insetos mais prejudiciais à cultura do feijoeiro, devido principalmente à intensa sucção de seiva e à transmissão do vírus do mosaico dourado. O uso de cultivares resistentes ao inseto é uma ferramenta importante no seu controle. Ensaios foram conduzidos em laboratório, avaliando-se aspectos biológicos de Bemisia tabaci biótipo B para os seguintes genótipos de feijoeiro: Arc 3s, Arc 5s, G13028, G11056, Arc 1 e Porrillo 70. As plantas (estágio IV-1) foram infestadas por moscas-brancas durante um dia e os ovos e ninfas foram observados até a emergência dos adultos. A longevidade e a fecundidade dos insetos emergidos também foram avaliadas. Ninfas alimentadas no genótipo Arc 3s (26,5 dias) tiveram o período de desenvolvimento mais longo, seguidas de G11056 (25,9 dias) e G13028 (25,3 dias). Houve um alongamento de 5,5 dias no período de desenvolvimento dos insetos em Arc 3s quando comparado com Porrillo 70. Altas taxas de mortalidade das ninfas nos genótipos Arc 3s e G11056 (94,7 e 83,1 por cento, respectivamente) indicam que tais materiais podem apresentar resistência do tipo não-preferência para alimentação e/ou antibiose. Assim, embora a longevidade e a fecundidade do inseto não tenham sido afetadas quando criado nos genótipos resistentes (Arc 3s, G11056, G13028 e Arc 5s), sugere-se que tais materiais sejam utilizados em programas de melhoramento de feijoeiro visando à resistência a B. tabaci biótipo B.

The silverleaf whitefly is one of the most harmful pests that attack bean crops, mainly for extracting large quantities of phloem sap and transmitting the bean golden mosaic virus. Resistant germoplasm plants can be an important method for controlling this pest. The biological aspects of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes were evaluated. The tests were conducted under laboratory conditions, with the following genotypes: Arc 1, Arc 3s, Arc 5s, G13028, G11056 and Porrillo 70. The bean plants in a stage IV-1 were infested during one day with silverleaf whiteflies. Afterwards the eggs and nymphs were observed until adult emergence. Longevity and fecundity of emerged insects were also evaluated. The longest development time occurred for nymphs fed on Arc 3s genotype (26.5 days), following by G11056 (25.9 days) and G13028 (25.3 days). The development period was 5.5 days longer in Arc 3s when compared with Porrillo 70. Also, the wild genotypes Arc 3s and G11056 showed higher mortality rates (94.7 percent and 83.1 percent, respectively), which may suggest antibiosis and/or feeding nonpreference resistance type. For this reason, although longevity and fecundity were not influenced when the whitefly fed on resistant genotypes (Arc 3s, G11056, G13028 and Arc 5s), those genotypes can be used for bean breeding program towards B. tabaci B biotype.

Influência dos tricomas na preferência para oviposição de Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em genótipos de feijoeiro / Influence of trichomes on ovipositional preference of Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) for bean genotypes

Foi testada a preferência para oviposição (com chance de escolha) de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B em 20 genótipos de feijoeiro. Os materiais foram divididos em dois lotes, utilizando-se em cada um deles delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 20 repetições. Folhas recém-expandidas de cada genótipo foram mantidas em tubos de vidro contendo água destilada, colocadas em uma gaiola acrílica, onde foram liberados cerca de 500 insetos. Após 24h, contou-se o número total de ovos na superfície abaxial e o número de tricomas aciculares e unciformes em duas áreas de 4,9 mm² da superfície abaxial. Mediu-se também a área foliar dos feijoeiros e o comprimento máximo e mínimo dos tricomas, que foram classificados em curto, médio ou longo. Não foram constatadas correlações significativas entre o número de ovos e a densidade de tricomas total e de tricomas aciculares e unciformes. Foram observadas correlações significativas entre o número de ovos e a densidade de tricomas aciculares longos tipo A1 (r = 2,85) e a densidade de tricomas unciformes curtos tipo B3 (r = -2,44). Assim, pode-se inferir que a preferência para oviposição da mosca-branca pela cultivar Bolinha (4,8 ovos/cm²) pode estar relacionada ao grande número de tricomas aciculares longos neste material tipo A1 (31,7 tricomas/4,9 mm²). O contrário pode ser considerado quanto ao genótipo menos preferido, G13028 (1,1 ovos/cm²), que possui principalmente tricomas unciformes curtos tipo B3 (64,1 tricomas/4,9 mm²) em suas folhas.

The oviposition preference (free-choice tests) of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Biotype B for 20 bean genotypes was tested. The genotypes were divided into two plots and set up in a block-randomized design with 20 replications. New expanded bean leaves were sectioned and placed in glass tubes containing distilled water and disposed in acrylic cages containing approximately 500 insects. After 24h, the total number of eggs laid on the abaxial surface of leaves and the density of straight and hooked trichomes in two areas of 4.9 mm² on the abaxial surface were counted. The leaf area was measured as well as the maximum and minimum length of hooked and straight trichomes, which were classified in short, medium or long. No significant correlation was found between the number of eggs and the density of total trichomes (straight + hooked) or between hooked or straight trichomes. Significant correlation was detected between the number of eggs and long straight trichomes type A1 (r = 2.85) and short hooked trichomes type B3 (r = -2.44). In this way, the ovipositional preference of B. tabaci for Bolinha genotype (4.8 eggs/cm²) in a free-choice test could be associated to the larger number of long straight trichomes type A1 (31.7 trichomes/4.9 mm²) on its leaves surface. In addition, the whitefly ovipositional nonpreference for G13028 wild genotype (1.1 eggs/cm²) could be related with the numerous short hooked trichomes type B3 (64.1 trichomes/4.9 mm²) on its leaves surface.

Atratividade e não-preferência para oviposição de Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em genótipos de feijoeiro / Atractiveness and oviposition nonpreference of Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) for bean genotypes

A mosca-branca é um dos insetos mais prejudiciais à cultura do feijoeiro, devido principalmente à intensa sucção de seiva elaborada e à transmissão do vírus do mosaico dourado. O uso de cultivares resistentes a esse inseto é uma ferramenta importante no seu controle. Foi testada a preferência para oviposição de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B em 20 genótipos de feijoeiro. Nos ensaios com chance de escolha, os materiais foram divididos em dois lotes de 10 genótipos, com 10 repetições de uma planta/vaso, dispostas em gaiolas de 80 x 50 x 50 cm, cobertas com voil e infestadas com 1.000 moscas-brancas durante quatro dias. Nos ensaios sem chance de escolha, realizaram-se 20 repetições de um folíolo (genótipos em melhoramento e cultivares) ou de um trifolíolo (genótipos selvagens) recém-expandido por gaiola e infestados com 25 casais de moscas-brancas durante 48h. Nos ensaios com chance de escolha, verificou-se que os genótipos G13028, Arc 5s, Arc 1s, G11056, Arc 3s apresentaram as menores oviposições e os menores índices de preferência, variando de -91,9 a -78,6, enquanto Arc 1 (+33,0) teve o maior índice. Nos ensaios sem chance de escolha, os menores números de ovos/folha foram observados nos genótipos G13028 (28,2), Arc 3s (37,6) e G23425E (39,0), enquanto que o genótipo mais preferido teve 105,0 ovos/folha (Bolinha). O genótipo selvagem G13028 foi altamente resistente (não-preferência para oviposição) a B. tabaci biótipo B. Destacaram-se também como resistentes, os genótipos Arc 3s, Arc 5s e G11056; já Bolinha, Arc 1 e Arc 4 mostraram-se altamente suscetíveis à mosca-branca.

Whitefly is one of the most harmful pests that attack bean crops, mainly for extracting large quantities of phloem sap and transmitting the bean golden mosaic virus. Resistant germoplasm plants can be an important method for controlling this pest. The oviposition preference of Bemisia tabaci biotype B for 20 bean genotypes was tested. In a free-choice test, the genotypes were divided into two plots of 10 replicates. The bean plant pots were set up in a randomized design in a cage (80 x 50 x 50 cm) covered by nylon netting and infested with 1.000 adults during four days. No-choice test was carried out with 20 replicates where one newly expanded leaflet from bred genotypes and cultivars or one leaf from wild genotypes, was placed in a cage infested by 25 pairs of whiteflies during 48h. In free-choice tests, the genotypes G13028, Arc 5s, Arc 1s, G11056, Arc 3s presented the smaller oviposition and preference index, varying from -91.9 to -78.6, while Arc 1 (+33.0) had greater index. In no-choice tests, smaller number of eggs/leaflet were observed in genotypes G13028 (28.2), Arc 3s (37.6) and G23425E (39.0), whereas the most preferred had 105.0 eggs/leaflet (Bolinha). The wild genotype G13028 was highly resistant (oviposition nonpreference) toward B. tabaci B biotype. The wild genotypes Arc 3s, Arc 5s and G11056 were also resistant. The Bolinha, Arc 1 and Arc 4 genotypes were highly susceptible to whitefly oviposition.