How central and connected am I in my family? Bridging and bonding social capital in family configurations of young adults with psychiatric disorders.

AIMS: This article explores the structures of relational resources that individuals with psychiatric disorders get from their family configurations using the concept of social capital. METHODS: The research is based on a sample of 54 individuals with psychiatric disorders and behavioural problems, and a comparison sample of 54 individuals without a clinical record matched to the clinical respondents for age and sex. Standard measures of social capital from social network methods are applied on family configurations of individuals from both samples. Differences are tested by variance analysis. RESULTS: Structures of family resources available to individuals with psychiatric disorders are distinct. Individuals with psychiatric disorders perceive themselves as less central in their family configurations and less connected to their family members. Their significant family members are perceived as less connected with each other. As a whole, their family configurations are smaller and do not include spouses or partners. Therefore bridging and bonding social capitals are not readily available for them. CONCLUSION: As family configurations of individuals with psychiatric disorders provide fewer relational resources than other families, they are not able to deal with social integration of individuals with psychiatric disorders on their own.

Highly powerful and practical acylation of alcohols with acid anhydride catalyzed by Bi(OTf)(3).

Bi(OTf)(3)-catalyzed acylation of alcohols with acid anhydride was evaluated in comparison with other acylation methods. The Bi(OTf)(3)/acid anhydride protocol was so powerful that sterically demanding or tertiary alcohols could be acylated smoothly. Less reactive acylation reagents such as benzoic and pivalic anhydride are also activated by this catalysis. In these cases, a new technology was developed in order to overcome difficulty in separation of the acylated product from the remaining acylating reagent: methanolysis of the unreacted anhydride into easily separable methyl ester realized quite easy separation of the desired acylation product. The Bi(OTf)(3)/acid anhydride protocol was applicable to a wide spectrum of alcohols bearing various functionalities. Acid-labile THP- or TBS-protected alcohol, furfuryl alcohol, and geraniol could be acylated as well as base-labile alcohols. Even acylation of functionalized tertiary alcohols was effected at room temperature.

Highly efficient deacetylation by use of the neutral organotin catalyst [tBu2SnOH(Cl)]2.

Deprotection of acetyl esters is effected cleanly by the neutral organotin catalyst, [tBu2SnOH(Cl)]2. The mildness of the reaction gives rise to great synthetic versatility and in the process a variety of functional groups are tolerated. Differentiations between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and between acetyl ester and other esters are feasible. No racemization occurs with chiral acetyl esters. Exclusive deprotection of primary acetyl esters in carbohydrates and nucleosides is observed. The crude product thus obtained can be used for further reactions without purification.

Integrated Chemical Process: One-Pot Aromatization of Cyclic Enones by the Double Elimination Methodology.

A variety of aromatic hydrocarbons bearing multiple alkyl substituents are accessible with perfect regiocontrol in a one-pot reaction starting from cyclohexenones and their aromatic analogues [Eq. (1)]. The present methodology can be further extended to the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The drawbacks encountered in the Friedel-Crafts reaction are resolved since the reaction proceeds under basic conditions.

Chlorpromazine inhibits concanavalin A-induced liver injury independently of cytokine modulation.

We investigated the effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) in a murine model of T-cell-dependent liver injury caused by concanavalin A (ConA). CPZ (3 and 10 mg/kg) treatment 1 h before ConA injection prevented liver injury. CPZ (3, 10 mg/kg) administered 1 h after a ConA injection was also hepatoprotective, whereas cyclosporin (CsA, 100 mg/kg) was active only when given before ConA. Under either condition, CsA but not CPZ prevented concurrent increases in splenic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, a putative index of T-cell proliferation/differentiation. CPZ down-regulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and up-regulated IL-10 in mice that then received ConA, whereas delayed administration of CPZ had no effect. These results suggest that CPZ prevented liver injury without affecting the proliferation/differentiation of T-cells. The dissociation of hepatoprotection by CPZ from cytokine modulation indicates that this drug intervenes in the adherence of T-cells or the death of hepatocytes in the ConA-model.

RP67580, a neurokinin1 receptor antagonist, decreased restraint stress-induced defecation in rat.

We investigated the possibility that substance P would mediate defecation in rats subjected to restraint-stress. The increases in fecal pellet output caused by restraint-stress were inhibited by a neurokinin (NK)1 receptor antagonist, RP67580 with an ED50 (95% confidence limits) value of 0.59 (0.54-0.65) mg/kg i.p. RP68651, the enantiomer of RP67580 devoid of affinity for NK1 receptors, had little effect on it. In contrast, (+/-)SR48968, an NK2 receptor antagonist, was without effect. Furthermore, capsaicin treatment (125 mg/kg i.p.) was inactive in this model. These results suggest that the activation of NK1 receptors and substance P released from intrinsic neurons of the colon would be involved in stress-induced defecation in rats.