Effect of the Surface Chemical Composition on the Corrosion Resistance in the Mixture of FeCrMoNbB (140MXC) and FeCMnSi (530AS) Coatings Produced with the Electric Wire Arc Spraying Technique: Part I.

In this study, FeCrMoNbB (140MXC) and FeCMnSi (530AS) coatings were simultaneously projected on the substrate AISI-SAE 4340 using the electric wire arc spraying technique. The projection parameters, such as current (I), voltage (V), primary air pressure (1st), and secondary air pressure (2nd), were determined using the experimental model Taguchi L9 (34-2). Its main purpose is to produce dissimilar coatings and to evaluate the effect of the surface chemical composition on the corrosion resistance in the mixture of 140MXC-530AS as commercial coatings. Three phases were considered to obtain and characterize the coatings: Phase 1: Preparation of materials and projection equipment; Phase 2: Coatings production; and Phase 3: Coatings characterization. The characterization of the dissimilar coatings was carried out using the techniques of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), Auger Electronic Spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of this characterization corroborated the electrochemical behavior of the coatings. The presence of B was determined with the XPS characterization technique in the mixtures of the coatings in the form of Iron Boride. Moreover, the XRD technique showed Nb in the form of FeNb as a precursor compound for the 140MXC wire powder. The most relevant contributions are the pressures, provided that the quantity of oxides in the coatings decreases with respect to the reaction time between the molten particles and the atmosphere of the projection hood; moreover, for the corrosion potential, the operating voltage of the equipment does not exert any effect since these tend to remain constant.

A meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of chest ultrasound for the diagnosis of occult penetrating cardiac injuries in hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating thoracic trauma.

BACKGROUND: We performed a systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) to determine the diagnostic accuracy of chest ultrasound (US) compared with a pericardial window (PW) for the diagnosis of occult penetrating cardiac injuries in hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating thoracic trauma. METHODS: A literature search in five databases identified relevant articles for inclusion in this SR and MA. Studies were eligible if they evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of chest US, compared with a PW, for the diagnosis of occult penetrating cardiac injuries in hemodynamically stable patients presenting with penetrating thoracic trauma. Two investigators independently assessed articles for inclusion and exclusion criteria and selected studies for final analysis. Methodological quality was evaluated using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. We performed a MA of binary diagnostic test accuracy within the bivariate mixed-effects logistic regression modeling framework. RESULTS: We included five studies in our SR and MA. These studies included a total of 556 trauma patients. The MA found that, compared with PW, the US was 79% sensitive and 92% specific for detecting occult penetrating cardiac injuries in hemodynamically stable patients. The presence of a concomitant left hemothorax was frequent in patients with false-negative results. CONCLUSION: This SR and MA found that, compared with PW, US was 79% sensitive and 92% specific for detecting occult penetrating cardiac injuries in hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating thoracic trauma. Caution interpretation of pericardial US results is suggested in the presence of left hemothorax. In these cases, a second diagnostic test should be performed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, level II.

Toward the prevention of alcohol use disorders: Overdrinking (unintentional binge drinking) in a community sample.

Approximately 64,000,000 people in the United States report binge drinking at least once in the past month. Unlike overeating and oversleeping, "overdrinking"-defined as drinking more than a person intends to drink-does not exist in the literature. Terms such as binge and problem drinking do not consider the intent of the drinker. The results of this pilot study suggest that most people drink more than they intend to drink. Moreover, they also report often being surprised that they overdrank. Smartphones may help overdrinkers be less often surprised by overdrinking and may prevent drinkers from developing an alcohol use disorder.

Characterization of cattle farms and adoption of agroforestry systems as a proposal for soil management in Caquetá, Colombia / Caracterización de fincas ganaderas y adopción de sistemas agroforestales como propuesta de manejo de suelos en Caquetá, Colombia / Caracterização das fazendas de gado e adoção de sistemas agroflorestais como uma proposta de manejo do solo no Caquetá, Colômbia

Objective: to promote the adoption of agroforestry systems for the recovery and reorientation of land use of traditional farming systems in the Colombian Amazon. Methods: participatory techniques were used to assess the current state of local farming systems and to exchange experiences with farmers regarding environmentally-friendly technologies. The first stage involved the application of a structured survey in 134 farms, which included variables related to livelihood and production systems. In a second stage, agroforestry ''protein bank'' plots were evaluated in two farms associated with bio-organic fertilization (FBO). Descriptive statistics and a ''t'' test for mean differences using the SPSS package were used for the analysis. Results: the group of farmers engaged in traditional farming using large areas produced 1.6 liters of milk/cow/day with large money investments. A second group that established silvopastoral systems such as fodder banks, diversified production with annual crops. A third group that engaged in agroforestry manage of small farms kept a few cattle basing production on perennial crops, and received higher income than the other two groups due to higher profits per area. Agroforestry systems with Tithonia diversifolia plots associated with FBO were higher than treatments without FBO (p<0.001). Green forage production with FBO was 4.3 kg/plant in Farm 1, and 5.8 kg in Farm 2 during 195 days since its establishment. Conclusions: a farm diversification process is under development in the Colombian Amazon with the establishment of silvopastoral and agroforestry systems, showing interesting preliminary results.

Objetivo: propiciar la adopción de sistemas agroforestales como propuesta para la recuperación y reorientación del uso tradicional del suelo en sistemas agropecuarios tradicionales en la Amazonia colombiana. Métodos: se emplearon técnicas de desarrollo rural participativo para reconocer el estado actual de los sistemas agropecuarios locales e intercambiar experiencias con agricultores y generar tecnologías apropiadas al entorno. Una primera etapa incluyó la aplicación de una encuesta estructurada en 134 fincas, que incluía variables referentes a medios de vida y sistemas de producción. En una segunda etapa, en dos fincas se evaluaron sistemas agroforestales de bancos de proteína asociados a la técnica de fertilización bio-orgánica (FBO) de suelos. Para el análisis de resultados se utilizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo y una prueba ''t'' para diferencias de medias usando el paquete SPSS. Resultados: los resultados muestran un grupo de agricultores dedicados a la ganadería con manejo tradicional, que utiliza grandes áreas, produciendo 1.6 litros de leche/vaca/día y con grandes inversiones en patrimonio. Un segundo grupo estableció sistemas silvopastoriles como bancos de forraje, diversificando la producción con cultivos anuales. Un tercer grupo dedicado a la agroforestería maneja pequeñas fincas, mantienen poco ganado y fundamentan su producción en cultivos perennes, reciben ingresos más altos que los otros dos grupos al generar mayor ganancia por área utilizada. En la evaluación de forraje de sistemas agroforestales con bancos de proteína de Tithonia diversifolia asociados a la técnica FBO se encontraron mayores resultados para los tratamientos con FBO en comparación con los tratamientos sin FBO (p<0.001). La producción de forraje verde con FBO fue de 4.3 kg/planta en la finca 1 y de 5.8 kg para la 2 durante 195 días desde su establecimiento. Conclusiones: se está gestando un proceso de diversificación de fincas en la Amazonia Colombiana, tendiente al establecimiento de sistemas silvopastoriles y agroforestales, que presentan resultados preliminares interesantes.

Objetivo: propiciar a adoção de sistemas agroflorestais como proposta para a recuperação e reorientação do uso tradicional do solo em sistemas agropecuários tradicionais na Amazônia Colombiana. Métodos: foram empregadas técnicas de desenvolvimento rural participativo para reconhecer o estado atual dos sistemas agropecuários locais e intercambiar experiências com agricultores e gerar tecnologias apropriadas ao entorno. Uma primeira etapa incluiu a aplicação de uma enquete estruturada em 134 fazendas, com variáveis referentes a os meios de vida e sistemas de produção. Em uma segunda etapa, em duas fazendas foram avaliados sistemas agroflorestais de bancos de proteína associados à técnica de fertilização bio-orgânica (FBO) de solos. Para a análise de resultados foi utilizada a estatística descritiva e o teste ''t'' para diferenças de médias usando o pacote SPSS. Resultados: os resultados mostraram um grupo de agricultores dedicados à criação de gado com manejo tradicional, utilizando grandes áreas e produzindo 1.6 litros de leite/vaca/dia, com grandes investimentos em patrimônio. Um segundo grupo estabeleceu sistemas silvopastoris como bancos de forragem, diversificando a produção com cultivos anuais. Um terceiro grupo dedicado à agrossilvicultura maneja pequenas fazendas, mantém pouco gado e fundamentam a sua produção em culturas perenes, recebem ingressos mais altos do que os outros dois grupos ao gerar maior lucro por área utilizada. Na avaliação da forragem de sistemas agroflorestais com bancos de proteína de Tithonia diversifolia asociados ou nao à técnica FBO, obtiveram-se melhores resultados para os tratamentos sem FBO (p<0.001). A produção de forragem verde com FBO foi de 4.3 kg/ planta na fazenda 1 e de 5.8 kg para a fazenda 2 durante 195 dias desde o seu estabelecimento. Conclusões: Está se gestando um processo de diversificação nas fazendas da Amazonia colombiana, com tendência ao estabelecimento de sistemas silvopastoris e agroflorestais, que apresentam resultados preliminares interessantes.

Hacia una nueva generación de biomateriales: primera parte / Toward a new generation of biomaterials: part one

La investigación en biomateriales que favorezcan la adhesión y regeneración de tejido óseo es una prioridad a nivel mundial debido a la alta incidencia de lesiones osteoarticulares, la morbilidad asociada al daño, su impacto en la calidad de vida y el alto costo económico y social de su manejo. El concepto de “biomaterial” ha cambiado en la medida que a la ciencia de materiales se han incorporado los avances en biología molecular, ingeniería de tejidos, nanotecnología e ingeniería de superficies. El trabajo multidisciplinario ha llevado al desarrollado de materiales con excelentes propiedades mecánicas, biomiméticos, inteligentes y funcionales que interactúan con las células y con los componentes de la matriz extracelular mejorando la respuesta biológica del tejido óseo ante el implante.