Características clínicas del síndrome de takotsubo: una serie de casos / Clinical characteristics of takotsubo syndrome: a series of cases

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de takotsubo (STT) es una entidad de reciente reconocimiento que asemeja un síndrome coronario agudo. Su epidemiologia ha sido estudiada en diversas poblaciones del mundo. El desencadenante más frecuente es un evento estresante emocional. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de una serie de casos con STT. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se evaluaron las variables de edad, sexo, características clínicas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, factores desencadenantes, biomarcadores, hallazgos electrocardiográficos, ecocardiográficos y angiográficos en los expedientes clínicos de un grupo de casos de pacientes con STT. Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 casos de STT. Fueron 16 mujeres y 3 hombres, promedio de edad 62 ± 14 años; el principal factor de riesgo cardiovascular fue el sedentarismo, en 13 casos. El desencadenante emocional estuvo presente en la mayoría de los casos. El síntoma más frecuente fue el dolor torácico, ocho casos presentaron datos de choque e insuficiencia cardiaca. La variante más común por ecocardiograma fue el balonamiento apical en un 79%, al igual que por ventriculografía. La complicación más común fue choque cardiogénico. Conclusiones: Las características clínicas de nuestra población son similares a las descritas previamente en la literatura. El STT es una miocardiopatía transitoria y reversible con buen pronóstico.

Abstract Introduction: takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a recently recognized entity that resembles an acute coronary syndrome. Its epidemiology has been studied in various populations around the world. The most frequent trigger is an emotional stressful event. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of a series of cases with TTS. Material and methods: A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out. The variables of age, gender, clinical characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, triggering factors, biomarkers, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and angiographic findings in the clinical records of a group of cases of patients with TTS were evaluated. Results: 19 cases of TTS were included. There were 16 women and 3 men, the average age was 62 ± 14 years; the main cardiovascular risk factor was sedentary lifestyle in 13 cases. The emotional trigger was present in most cases. The most frequent symptom was chest pain, eight cases presented data of shoCKP and heart failure. The most common variant by echocardiography was apical ballooning in 79%, as well as by ventriculography. The most common complication was cardiogenic shoCKP. Conclusions: The clinical characteristics of our population are like those previously described in the literature. TTS is a transient and reversible cardiomyopathy with a good prognosis.

Clinical characteristics of takotsubo syndrome: a series of cases.

INTRODUCTION: takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a recently recognized entity that resembles an acute coronary syndrome. Its epidemiology has been studied in various populations around the world. The most frequent trigger is an emotional stressful event. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics of a series of cases with TTS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out. The variables of age, gender, clinical characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, triggering factors, biomarkers, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and angiographic findings in the clinical records of a group of cases of patients with TTS were evaluated. RESULTS: 19 cases of TTS were included. There were 16 women and 3 men, the average age was 62 ± 14 years; the main cardiovascular risk factor was sedentary lifestyle in 13 cases. The emotional trigger was present in most cases. The most frequent symptom was chest pain, eight cases presented data of shoCKP and heart failure. The most common variant by echocardiography was apical ballooning in 79%, as well as by ventriculography. The most common complication was cardiogenic shoCKP. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical characteristics of our population are like those previously described in the literature. TTS is a transient and reversible cardiomyopathy with a good prognosis.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de takotsubo (STT) es una entidad de reciente reconocimiento que asemeja un síndrome coronario agudo. Su epidemiologia ha sido estudiada en diversas poblaciones del mundo. El desencadenante más frecuente es un evento estresante emocional. OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas de una serie de casos con STT. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se evaluaron las variables de edad, sexo, características clínicas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, factores desencadenantes, biomarcadores, hallazgos electrocardiográficos, ecocardiográficos y angiográficos en los expedientes clínicos de un grupo de casos de pacientes con STT. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 19 casos de STT. Fueron 16 mujeres y 3 hombres, promedio de edad 62 ± 14 años; el principal factor de riesgo cardiovascular fue el sedentarismo, en 13 casos. El desencadenante emocional estuvo presente en la mayoría de los casos. El síntoma más frecuente fue el dolor torácico, ocho casos presentaron datos de choque e insuficiencia cardiaca. La variante más común por ecocardiograma fue el balonamiento apical en un 79%, al igual que por ventriculografía. La complicación más común fue choque cardiogénico. CONCLUSIONES: Las características clínicas de nuestra población son similares a las descritas previamente en la literatura. El STT es una miocardiopatía transitoria y reversible con buen pronóstico.

A bioinformatics pipeline for Mycobacterium tuberculosis sequencing that cleans contaminant reads from sputum samples.

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is widely used to investigate genomic variation. In several studies, the genetic variation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been analyzed in sputum samples without previous culture, using target enrichment methodologies for NGS. Alignments obtained by different programs generally map the sequences under default parameters, and from these results, it is assumed that only Mycobacterium reads will be obtained. However, variants of interest microorganism in clinical samples can be confused with a vast collection of reads from other bacteria, viruses, and human DNA. Currently, there are no standardized pipelines, and the cleaning success is never verified since there is a lack of rigorous controls to identify and remove reads from other sputum-microorganisms genetically similar to M. tuberculosis. Therefore, we designed a bioinformatic pipeline to process NGS data from sputum samples, including several filters and quality control points to identify and eliminate non-M. tuberculosis reads to obtain a reliable genetic variant report. Our proposal uses the SURPI software as a taxonomic classifier to filter input sequences and perform a mapping that provides the highest percentage of Mycobacterium reads, minimizing the reads from other microorganisms. We then use the filtered sequences to perform variant calling with the GATK software, ensuring the mapping quality, realignment, recalibration, hard-filtering, and post-filter to increase the reliability of the reported variants. Using default mapping parameters, we identified reads of contaminant bacteria, such as Streptococcus, Rhotia, Actinomyces, and Veillonella. Our final mapping strategy allowed a sequence identity of 97.8% between the input reads and the whole M. tuberculosis reference genome H37Rv using a genomic edit distance of three, thus removing 98.8% of the off-target sequences with a Mycobacterium reads loss of 1.7%. Finally, more than 200 unreliable genetic variants were removed during the variant calling, increasing the report's reliability.

A 65-Year-Old Woman with a History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension and a 15-Day History of Dry Cough and Fever Who Presented with Acute Renal Failure Due to Infection with SARS-Cov-2.

BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury is one of the most common complications in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, occurring in up to 7% of cases and increasing to 23% in patients treated in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The objective of this report was to describe the clinical case of a patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 who developed acute renal injury, probably secondary to this infection. CASE REPORT On 1 April 2020, a 65-year-old woman presented to the emergency service of the National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, with a 15-day history of dry cough and subjective fever. Finally, the following diagnoses were integrated: Acute renal injury of etiology to be determined (acute chronic kidney disease secondary to T2DM vs. acute renal injury by SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19. The patient had a typical presentation of severe COVID-19, evidencing all the risk and severity factors for this disease. However, after being admitted to the hospital, she showed evidence of acute renal injury. Although the renal injury may have been due to microangiopathic damage caused by chronic hypertension and diabetes, it is imperative to consider the possibility that such exacerbation contributes to SARS-CoV-2 infection or synergy of multiple factors. CONCLUSIONS Every aspect of this pandemic remains unclear. The formulation of hypotheses to explain the physiopathological mechanisms by which this new virus can cause mortality in infected patients may help reduce mortality rates and control the pandemic itself.

Genomic Analysis of Early SARS-CoV-2 Variants Introduced in Mexico.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected most countries in the world. Studying the evolution and transmission patterns in different countries is crucial to enabling implementation of effective strategies for disease control and prevention. In this work, we present the full genome sequence for 17 SARS-CoV-2 isolates corresponding to the earliest sampled cases in Mexico. Global and local phylogenomics, coupled with mutational analysis, consistently revealed that these viral sequences are distributed within 2 known lineages, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage A/G, containing mostly sequences from North America, and lineage B/S, containing mainly sequences from Europe. Based on the exposure history of the cases and on the phylogenomic analysis, we characterized 14 independent introduction events. Additionally, three cases with no travel history were identified. We found evidence that two of these cases represented local transmission cases occurring in Mexico during mid-March 2020, denoting the earliest events described for the country. Within this local transmission cluster, we also identified an H49Y amino acid change in the Spike protein. This mutation represents a homoplasy occurring independently through time and space and may function as a molecular marker to follow any further spread of these viral variants throughout the country. Our results provide a general picture of the SARS-CoV-2 variants introduced at the beginning of the outbreak in Mexico, setting the foundation for future surveillance efforts.IMPORTANCE Understanding the introduction, spread, and establishment of SARS-CoV-2 within distinct human populations as well as the evolution of the pandemics is crucial to implement effective control strategies. In this work, we report that the initial virus strains introduced in Mexico came from Europe and the United States and that the virus was circulating locally in the country as early as mid-March. We also found evidence for early local transmission of strains with a H49Y mutation in the Spike protein, which could be further used as a molecular marker to follow viral spread within the country and the region.

High performance of rapid influenza diagnostic test and variable effectiveness of influenza vaccines in Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDT) and influenza vaccines' effectiveness (VE) during an outbreak setting. METHODS: We compared the performance of a RIDT with RT-PCR for influenza virus detection in influenza-like illness (ILI) patients enrolled during the 2016/17 season in Mexico City. Using the test-negative design, we estimated influenza VE in all participants and stratified by age, virus subtype, and vaccine type (trivalent vs quadrivalent inactivated vaccines). The protective value of some clinical variables was evaluated by regression analyses. RESULTS: We enrolled 592 patients. RT-PCR detected 93 cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 55 of AH3N2, 141 of B, and 13 A/B virus infections. RIDT showed 90.7% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity for influenza A virus detection, and 91.5% sensitivity and 95.3% specificity for influenza B virus detection. Overall VE was 33.2% (95% CI: 3.0-54.0; p = 0.02) against any laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. VE estimates against influenza B were higher for the quadrivalent vaccine. Immunization and occupational exposure were protective factors against influenza. CONCLUSIONS: The RIDT was useful to detect influenza cases during an outbreak setting. Effectiveness of 2016/17 influenza vaccines administered in Mexico was low but significant. Our data should be considered for future local epidemiological policies.

Reporting elevated vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: consensus by an International Working Group.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains an important cause of serious infection, for which vancomycin is often recommended as the first-choice antibiotic treatment. Appropriate vancomycin prescribing requires accurate measurement of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to avoid treatment failure, and yet determination can be challenging due to methodological difficulties associated with susceptibility testing. An International Working Group of infectious disease specialists and clinical/medical microbiologists reached a consensus that empirical MRSA infection therapies should be chosen regardless of the suspected origin of the infecting strain (e.g., community or hospital) due to the complex intermingling epidemiology of MRSA clones in these settings. Also, if an elevated vancomycin MIC in the susceptible range is obtained in routine testing, an alternative second method should be used for confirmation and to aid antibiotic therapy recommendations. There is no absolutely dependable method for the accurate determination of vancomycin MIC, but broth microdilution appears to be the most reliable.

Localization of non-linearly modeled autonomous mobile robots using out-of-sequence measurements.

This paper presents a state of the art of the estimation algorithms dealing with Out-of-Sequence (OOS) measurements for non-linearly modeled systems. The state of the art includes a critical analysis of the algorithm properties that takes into account the applicability of these techniques to autonomous mobile robot navigation based on the fusion of the measurements provided, delayed and OOS, by multiple sensors. Besides, it shows a representative example of the use of one of the most computationally efficient approaches in the localization module of the control software of a real robot (which has non-linear dynamics, and linear and non-linear sensors) and compares its performance against other approaches. The simulated results obtained with the selected OOS algorithm shows the computational requirements that each sensor of the robot imposes to it. The real experiments show how the inclusion of the selected OOS algorithm in the control software lets the robot successfully navigate in spite of receiving many OOS measurements. Finally, the comparison highlights that not only is the selected OOS algorithm among the best performing ones of the comparison, but it also has the lowest computational and memory cost.

Pregnancy in acromegaly: experience from two referral centers and systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Acromegaly results from increased growth hormone and its target insulin-like growth factor-1, most commonly due to a pituitary tumour. As it is frequently accompanied by infertility, little is known about the course of this disease in pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: We describe 13 new pregnancies in acromegalic women and compare their outcomes in a systematic review of the literature. METHODS: We collected clinical, biochemical, imaging, and outcomes data during and following pregnancy and performed a systematic review for a total of 47 pregnancies. An extended analysis of 106 pregnancies was also performed. RESULTS: In 13 newly described cases, pregnancy was un-complicated without need for additional surgical intervention. In these pregnancies, adjunctive medical therapy was required in three patients. This was in the form of somatostatin analogs (SA) (3/13) as well as pegvisomant in 1/13 to control symptomatic and biochemical progression. One 37-year-old female succeeded in having two separate pregnancies 2 years apart both without need for any form of medical therapy. Review of an additional 34 published reports allowed for an analysis of outcomes in 47 pregnancies. Adjunctive medical therapy during pregnancy was required in 15 of these cases where 12 received SA and an additional three received dopamine agonists. None of these patients developed endocrine or neurologic complications during pregnancy. In an extended analysis of 106 pregnancies, treatment during pregnancy appears to be associated with good disease control but increased risk of microsomic or macrosomic newborns depending on the medical agent used. CONCLUSIONS: In 13 newly described pregnancies along with systematic review of an additional 34 cases indicate that pregnancy in treated acromegalic women can proceed without significant complications or teratogenicity. Medical treatment during pregnancy with DA or SA appears to be associated with altered neonatal weight. Nevertheless, gestation may have a beneficial impact on acromegaly control both during and following pregnancy.

Protective effects of inhibiting both blood and vascular selectins after stroke and reperfusion.

Early intervention after acute ischemic stroke is essential to minimize brain cell injury. Although reperfusion of the ischemic brain is the treatment of choice for acute stroke, reperfusion itself may cause additional injury. The inflammatory cascade, characterized in part by early leukocyte interaction with endothelium, may contribute to this additional injury to blood vessels and surrounding brain tissue, extending the area of infarction. The selectin family of adhesion molecules mediates the initial, rolling and tethering of leukocytes to endothelium. P-selectin is rapidly expressed on ischemic endothelium in the brain vasculature, and L-selectin is expressed on leukocytes. Blocking the selectin-mediated tethering step may limit the inflammatory component of reperfusion injury in the brain. Fucoidin (FCN), a competitive inhibitor of P- and L-selectin, has been reported to decrease leukocyte accumulation during reperfusion of other organs. The effect of both leukocyte and endothelial selectin inhibition after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion has not been previously examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of selectin adhesion molecule blockade on cerebral infarction size and neurological function after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO-R) in the rat. MCAO was induced using the filament method. All animals were subjected to 4 h of MCAO and 24 h of reperfusion. After 24 h, brains were analyzed for size of infarction. Neurological function was assessed during stroke and 24 h after reperfusion. Two groups were studied, an untreated control group (n = 9) and a group treated with the selectin inhibitor, fucoidin (25 mg kg(-1)) (n = 9). We found that selectin blockade significantly reduced cerebral infarction size by 50% (p < 0.05) and improved neurological function (p < 0.05). In addition, a trend toward decreased cerebral edema was demonstrated with selectin inhibition. These results indicate that treatment of the blood and the endothelium with a selectin anti-inflammatory agent is protective after focal stroke and reperfusion in the rat.

Concordancia entre observadores en la evaluación de protocolos de investigación clínica / The agreement between observators in evaluation of clinical research protocols

Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de concordancia entre los integrantes de la Unidad de Epidemiología Clínica en la evaluación de aspectos metodológicos de los protocolos de investigación clínica. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 15 protocolos de investigación registrados durante 1992 en el Hospital General de México, y fueron evaluados por ocho observadores de la Unidad de Epidemiología Clínica siguiéndose un formato diseñado para el estudio. Cada protocolo fue calificado en tres escalas: 1) aprobado/rechazado, 2) escala ordinal de cuatro categorías de la calidad metodológica y 3) puntaje detallado que calificaba cada uno de los aspectos del estudio: Cada protocolo fue independientemente evaluado por todos los observadores. Análisis: Se calcularon coeficientes Kappa y Kappa ponderada entre las parejas de observadores y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase en las calificaciones de los protocolos. Resultados: Se observó una concordancia regular en las parejas de observadores al aprobar o rechazar un protocolo. Las concordancias en la escala de cuatro puntos fueron diversas: buena en cinco parejas y moderada a baja en 11. La concordancia del puntaje total fue excelente. Conclusiones: Los resultados preliminares sugieren que la evaluación objetiva y estandarizada de los protocolos de investigación, utilizando criterios de rigidez científica disminuiría sesgos del evaluador y mejorarían la calidad de presentación de los mismos

Variación entre dos observadores en la evaluación radiográfica de las articulaciones sacroiliacas: I Estudio en poblaciones con riesgo y sin riesgo de sacroiliítis / Interobserver variations in the radiographic evaluation of the sacroiliac joints. I. Comparative study with high and low of the sacroiliitis risk

Antecedentes. La interpretación radiográfica de las articulaciones sacroilíacas está sujeta a variaciones entre observadores. Objetivo. Determinar el grado de concordancia de las interpretaciones dos observadores con experiencia diferente. Material y métodos. Dos reumatólogos certificados en un intervalo de 10 años, evaluaron en forma independiente un total de 1320 variables en 55 radiografías de la pelvis (cegados y codificados) de familiares de pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante juvenil después de un consenso para definir cada una de las variables. La concordancia de los datos obtenidos (presentes o ausentes) fue analizada con una prueba de Kappa ponderada al total de observaciones realizadas. Resultados. El grado de concordancia fue menor al evaluar el tercio superior de las articulaciones sacroiliacas y la variable "anquilosis". Ambos observadores registraron una proporción de "ausencia" mayor que la de "presencia" para cada variable; sin embargo, el observador con menor experiencia registró "presencia" con mayor frecuencia. La calificación final (graduación de sacroiliítis) tuvo una concordancia moderada (kappa: 0.546 y 0.500). Conclusiones. La concordancia de los observadores en este estudio fue, en general, moderada. Las discrepancias más importantes se encuentran en la evaluación de "disminución del espacio articular" y "esclerosis subcondral". La concordancia en la interpretación de todas las variables en el tercio superior y de algunas de ellas en el tercio medio es razonable y mayor en el tercio inferior

Factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de osteopenia y su relación con fracturas de cadera / Risk factors involved for developing osteopenia and its relationship with hip fractures

Estudio comparativo realizado en la ciudad de México, en el que se analizan factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de osteopenia (OP) y la relación que existe entre OP y fracturas de la cadera. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, peso, talla, hábitos de tabaquismo y alcoholismo, número de embarazos, lactancia, historia familiar de fracturas, actividad física, enfermedades intercurrentes y hábitos nutricionales relacionados con la ingestión de calcio. Se estudiaron 152 casos y 143 controles, lo que hace una muestra total de 295 individuos. Se aplicó un cuestionario por un encuestador único, en el que se integró acerca de los factores de riesgo comúnmente conocidos. Se utilizó como método de análisis estadístico la Chi cuadrada y la regresión logística. Los resultados más sobresalientes fueron los siguientes: 1)Las mujeres más viejas y menos pesadas tuvieron mayor riesgo de sufrir fracturas (R.R. 0.08). 2)El sobrepeso establece un menor riesgo de fracturas (R.R. 0.04). 3)No hubo diferencia (p < 0.05) entre las mujeres que amamantanron a sus hijos y las que no lo hicieron, asimismo tampoco hubo diferencias entre el número de embarazos y el amamantamiento a sus hijos. 4)El alcoholismo es un factor de riesgo importante (p < 0.05) para las fracturas. 5)Los grupos estudiados tuvieron una ingesta de soló tercio de la cantidad de calcio recomendado, y 6)Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa de menor ingestión de calcio (p < 0.05) en favor de los casos

Conceptos prácticos en investigación clínica: tamaño de muestra

La determinación del tamaño de muestra tiene como objetivo garantizar la reducción de errores importantes tanto en la estimación como en pruebas de hipótesis; el objetivo no es tener "representatividad" de la muestra. Se discuten consideraciones básicas en dos tipos de estudios: estudios de prevalencia y estudios comparativos

Tratamiento de la impotencia y la frigidez por medio de la acupuntura / Treatment of impotence and frigidity by acupuncture

Se dan a conocer los resultados del tratamiento por acupuntura en la impotencia y la frigidez, aplicado a 221 pacientes. Se plantea como hipótesis que la acupuntura daba resultados satisfactorios en más del 50% de los casos y que el elemento de sugestión no guardaba relación con la terapia. Se utiliza para comprobar esto último, un grupo testigo al que se le aplicó acupuntura en puntos no relacinados con los meridianos chinos ni con las enfermedades en cuestión. Se expone que los resultados más sobresalientes fueron que más de las 3 cuartas partes de los pacientes se curaron, lo cual demostró la primera hipótesis, la mayor parte de los pacientes que evolucionaron bien necesitaron entre 1 y 10 sesiones de acupuntura. Se informa que las pacientes frígidas que evolucionaron bien, necesitaron, en su mayoría de 1 a 5 sesiones y resultaron significativos estos resultados. Se indica que los que tenían impotencia, evolucionaron entre 6 y 10 sesiones y no resultó esto significativo. Se expresa que en el grupo experimental predominó la buena evolución y en el testigo, la mala, lo cual resultó muy significativo y se demostró que la sugestión no guarda relación con la terapia. Se dejó confirmada nuestra segunda hipótesis. Se observa, por último, que los pacientes tenían más frecuentemente escolaridad secundaria, tenían una edad entre 35 y 44 años, y eran casados

Tratamiento de la impotencia y la frigidez por medio de la acupuntura / Treatent of impotence and frigidity by acupuncture

Se dan a conocer los resultados del tratamiento por acupuntura en la impotencia y la frigidez, aplicado a 221 pacientes. Se plantea como hipótesis que la acupuntura daba resultados satisfactorios en más del 50

de los casos y que el elemento de sugestión no guardaba relación con la terapia. Se utiliza para comprobar esto último, un grupo testigo al que se le aplicó acupuntura en puntos no relacinados con los meridianos chinos ni con las enfermedades en cuestión. Se expone que los resultados más sobresalientes fueron que más de las 3 cuartas partes de los pacientes se curaron, lo cual demostró la primera hipótesis, la mayor parte de los pacientes que evolucionaron bien necesitaron entre 1 y 10 sesiones de acupuntura. Se informa que las pacientes frígidas que evolucionaron bien, necesitaron, en su mayoría de 1 a 5 sesiones y resultaron significativos estos resultados. Se indica que los que tenían impotencia, evolucionaron entre 6 y 10 sesiones y no resultó esto significativo. Se expresa que en el grupo experimental predominó la buena evolución y en el testigo, la mala, lo cual resultó muy significativo y se demostró que la sugestión no guarda relación con la terapia. Se dejó confirmada nuestra segunda hipótesis. Se observa, por último, que los pacientes tenían más frecuentemente escolaridad secundaria, tenían una edad entre 35 y 44 años, y eran casados (AU)

Alteraciones bioquímicas en las psicosis afectivas / Biochemical disorders in affective psycosis

Se expone la relación de estas enfermedades mentales con el metabolismo de las aminas biógenas; se hace referencia a las localizaciones de las mismas en el organismo y se exponen las vías metabólicas normales de la serotonina (5HT) y de las catecolaminas (epinefrina y norepinefrina), así como las teorías patogénicas relacionadas con ambas y con las alteraciones electrolíticas(AU)