The heterogeneity of Human Papilloma Virus genotypes in the oropharyngeal cavity, anus, and urogenital sites.

The distribution of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) genotypes is not homogeneous among the infectedcells in a specific anatomical site. Thus, we conducted a prospective cross-sectional studywith 2,130 Mexican men and women aged 16 to 80 years. We described the prevalence of HPVgenotypes at the oropharyngeal cavity, anus, and urogenital sites. The most prevalent genotypes inwomen were HR-HPV 66 (5.6%), 16 (4.2%), 59 (4.3%) and LR-HPV 6 (10.1%); for men, HR-HPV16 (4.2%), 53 (3.8%), 66 (3.5%) and LR-HPV 6 (14.1%). In the cervix the most frequent genotypeswere: 6 (7.7%) and 66 (4.6%); vagina 6 (0.4%) and 16 (0.4%); genital wart 6 (5.9%) and 11 (2.7%);external genitalia 6 (0.5%) and 66 (0.5%); oropharyngeal cavity 6 (0.06%) and 66 (0.05%). In bothgenders, the most frequent genotype was HPV 6. The prevalence of HPV genotypes 31 (p=0.016),52 (p=0.049), 56 (0.036), 6 (p<0.0001) and 11 (p<0.0001) showed significant differences when comparinggenders. The kappa analysis demonstrated that in males, the HPV genotypes in the urethra/balanopreputial sulcus and urethral/genital warts had moderate concordance. In conclusion, HPVgenotyping screening tests among anatomical sites should be performed simultaneously to reinforcecurrent strategies, as well as for the development of vaccines and the discovery of oncogenic potentialfor genotypes that are not commonly analyzed.

Monitoring Sexually Transmitted Infections in Cervicovaginal Exfoliative Samples in Mexican Women.

BACKGROUND: Globally, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are a major cause of morbidity in sexually active individuals, having complications in reproduction health and quality of life. In concordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Candida spp., Ureaplasma spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, HSV, and Mycoplasma spp. from cervicovaginal samples and to correlate them with the gynecological history of the patients. METHODS: Our analytical, prospective, and cross-sectional study included 377 women who participated in a reproductive health campaign during 2015-2016. Anthropometric and gynecological variables were obtained. Cervicovaginal specimens were collected and analyzed with a multiplex in-house PCR to detect Candida spp., Ureaplasma spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HSV, Mycoplasma spp., and Chlamydia trachomatis. RESULTS: The positive cases were 175/377 (46.4%) to at least one of the microorganisms. The most frequent pathogen detected in this population was Ureaplasma spp. (n = 111, 29.4%), followed by Mycoplasma spp. (n = 56, 14.9%) and Candida spp. (n = 47, 12.5%); 33.7% of the positive cases were single infections, whereas 12.7% had coinfection. The multiplex PCR assay was designed targeting nucleotide sequences. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that monitoring STIs among asymptomatic patients will encourage target programs to be more precisely and effectively implemented, as well as make these programs more affordable, to benefit society by decreasing the prevalence of STIs.

Prevalence and correlation of human papillomavirus genotypes with clinical factors in cervical samples from Mexican women.

IMPACT STATEMENT: We are submitting data regarding the prevalence and type distribution of the HPV infection and the risk factors associated with it, which may provide a valuable reference to reinforce screening strategies, and to maintain HPV genotype surveillance in Mexico. We discuss the overall prevalence of HPV infection as detected in normal cytological samples stratified by age, different types of infection, and oncogenic capacity. One of the most important findings was that common HPV genotypes detected in healthy women were the genotype numbers: 6, 31, 16, and 56, likewise, smoking and having a history of more than three sexual partners over their lifetime, represented the main risk factors in this study. Furthermore, we found a low frequency of cytological abnormalities and CIN 1-3 in women with HR-HPV.