[Ex-Utero Intrapartum Treatment for airway management in congenital giant neck masses]. / Técnica EXIT como manejo de la vía aérea en masas gigantes congénitas de cuello.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital head and neck masses are associated with perinatal asphyxia and brain injury, increasing the risk of death. The EXIT (Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment) technique con sists of ensuring the newborn's airway while is still receiving placental support. This technique has not been standardized in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical outcomes of two infants who underwent the EXIT technique. CLINICAL CASE: We present two cases, one with lymphatic malformation diagnosed at 20 weeks of gestational age (WGE) and the second one, a preterm newborn with thyromegaly and polyhydramnios, diagnosed at 35 WGE. In both cases, during the C-section, the EXIT technique was performed with a team of a neonatologist, a gyne cologist, an anesthesiologist, a pediatric surgeon, an otolaryngologist, a nurse, and a respiratory therapist. In both patients, the neonatologist achieved to secure the airway through orotracheal intubation at the first attempt. In the first case, lymphatic malformation was confirmed and re ceived sclerotherapy, and the second one was diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism which was managed with levothyroxine. The patients needed invasive mechanical ventilation for 7 and 9 days, respectively, and were discharged without respiratory complications. CONCLUSIONS: In these patients, the EXIT technique was a safe procedure, carried out without inconvenience. A multi disciplinary approach and the availability of a neonatal intensive care unit are needed to reduce potential complications and ensure postnatal management. Timely prenatal diagnosis is essential to perform this technique.

Técnica EXIT como manejo de la vía aérea en masas gigantes congénitas de cuello / Ex-Utero Intrapartum Treatment for airway management in congenital giant neck masses

Resumen: Introducción: Las masas congénitas de cabeza y cuello se asocian a asfixia perinatal e injuria cerebral con elevada mortalidad. La técnica EXIT (Ex Útero Intrapartum Treatment) consiste en asegurar la vía aérea del neonato, sin interrumpir la oxigenación y perfusión materno-fetal a través del soporte placentario. Esta técnica no ha sido estandarizada en países de medianos ingresos. Objetivo: Describir el caso clínico de 2 neonatos manejados mediante la técnica EXIT. Caso Clínico: Se reportan dos casos, uno con malformación linfática diagnosticada a la semana 20 gestación y el segundo con tiromegalia y polihidramnios diagnosticados a la semana 35 de gestación. En ambos casos, duran te la cesárea se realizó la técnica EXIT con un equipo conformado por neonatólogo, ginecólogo, anestesiólogo, cirujano pediatra, otorrinolaringólogo, enfermero y terapeuta respiratorio. En los dos pacientes se logró asegurar la vía aérea mediante intubación orotraqueal al primer intento. En el caso 1 se confirmó la malformación linfática y recibió escleroterapia, y en el caso 2 se diagnosticó hipotiroidismo congénito asociado a bocio, que fue manejado con levotiroxina. Los pacientes se mantuvieron 7 y 9 días con ventilación mecánica invasiva respectivamente y egresaron sin complicaciones respiratorias. Conclusiones: La técnica EXIT en estos casos fue un procedimiento seguro, llevado a cabo sin inconvenientes. Se necesita un equipo multidisciplinario y la disponibilidad de una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales, con el objetivo de reducir potenciales complica ciones y garantizar el manejo postnatal. Para lograr su ejecución, es indispensable el diagnóstico prenatal oportuno.

Abstract: Introduction: Congenital head and neck masses are associated with perinatal asphyxia and brain injury, increasing the risk of death. The EXIT (Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment) technique con sists of ensuring the newborn's airway while is still receiving placental support. This technique has not been standardized in developing countries. Objective: To describe the clinical outcomes of two infants who underwent the EXIT technique. Clinical Case: We present two cases, one with lymphatic malformation diagnosed at 20 weeks of gestational age (WGE) and the second one, a preterm newborn with thyromegaly and polyhydramnios, diagnosed at 35 WGE. In both cases, during the C-section, the EXIT technique was performed with a team of a neonatologist, a gyne cologist, an anesthesiologist, a pediatric surgeon, an otolaryngologist, a nurse, and a respiratory therapist. In both patients, the neonatologist achieved to secure the airway through orotracheal intubation at the first attempt. In the first case, lymphatic malformation was confirmed and re ceived sclerotherapy, and the second one was diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism which was managed with levothyroxine. The patients needed invasive mechanical ventilation for 7 and 9 days, respectively, and were discharged without respiratory complications. Conclusions: In these patients, the EXIT technique was a safe procedure, carried out without inconvenience. A multi disciplinary approach and the availability of a neonatal intensive care unit are needed to reduce potential complications and ensure postnatal management. Timely prenatal diagnosis is essential to perform this technique.

El 'Mundus Subterraneus' de Juan Ignacio Molina o el Geólogo como economista / The 'Mundus Subterraneus' Juan Ignacio Molina or the geologist gives as economist

En general, la obra del ex jesuita chileno Juan Ignacio Molina (1740-1829) no ha sido estudiada con profundidad a la luz de la historia de la geología. Este artículo reconstruye el origen y la morfología de parte de las ideas que el naturalista chileno elaboró sobre la estructura interna de la Tierra. Se verá cómo las ideas geológicas desarrolladas por Molina fueron más allá de la simple reflexión científica. El desarrollo de una disciplina particular y novedosa como la economía política, también influyó en el tipo de reflexiones que Juan Ignacio Molina desarrolló sobre la organización interior de la Tierra, los procesos geológicos y las descripciones sobre la naturaleza del Reino de Chile a fines del siglo XVIII (AU)

In general, the work of the Chilean ex Jesuit Juan Ignacio Molina (1740-1829) has not been studied under the light of history of geology. This article attempts to reconstruct the origin and morphology of the ideas in which the Chilean naturalist developed about the internal structure of the Earth. We will see how the geological ideas elaborated by Molina went beyond the scientific reflection. The development of a particular discipline as political economy during the eighteenth century also influenced Juan Ignacio Molina ́s thoughts about the internal organization of the Earth, geological processes and the descriptions of the nature of Chilean kingdom in the late eighteenth century (AU)

Evaluación de percepción de conocimientos y destrezas de alumnos de medicina en traumatología y ortopedia / Evaluation of students perception of knowledge and skills in orthopedics

Objectives: To evaluate student’s opinion about the knowledge and skills acquired during their graduate training. To evaluate the level of completion of the minimal required objectives assessed by the Medical National Exam (EUNACOM). Materials and Methods: Prospective research. descriptive and transversal. 152 final year medical students, from 3 different Universities (U1, U2 and U3), answered an anonymous and voluntary questionnaire. Inclusion criteria: Final year medical students who had completed their orthopedics rotation. The questionnaire evaluated 4 areas of knowledge and skills. General clinical conditions; emergency consultations; laboratory and radiologic exam interpretations; and clinical procedures. On each areas, the student, could consider themselves well prepared or unprepared. University programs were analyzed and evaluated, according to the completion of the objectives indicated by EUNACOM. Results: Percentage of students who considered themselves well prepared versus unprepared (WP vs UP): general clinical conditions: WP = 63.15 percent vs UP = 36.85 percent; emergency consultations: WP = 61.05 percent vs UP = 38.95 percent; interpretations of laboratory and radiologic exams: WP = 63.66 percent vs UP = 36.34percent; clinical procedures: WP = 21.50 percent vs UP = 78.05 percent. Regarding the University programs, a maximum potential score of 185 points was possible, U1 obtained 68 points; U2, 74 points and U3, 131 points. Conclusion: A high percentage of students feel they don’t have the knowledge and skills required in Orthopedics. Programs accomplish only partially the orthopaedic objectives assessed by EUNACOM.

Objetivos: Evaluar la opinión de los alumnos sobre los conocimientos y destrezas adquiridas en ortopedia y traumatología durante su formación de pregrado. Evaluar si los programas universitarios de pregrado cumplen con los perfiles del Examen Único Nacional de Conocimientos en Medicina (EUNACOM). Material y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo transversal. Se encuestaron en forma anónima y voluntaria a 152 internos de séptimo año de medicina de tres universidades de la Región Metropolitana (U1, U2 y U3). Criterios de inclusión: Internos de medicina de séptimo año con rotaciones completas en ortopedia y traumatología. La encuesta evalúa cuatro áreas de conocimientos y destrezas: patologías clínicas generales, patología de urgencia, interpretaciones de exámenes de laboratorio e imagenología y realización de procedimientos. En cada área el alumno puede considerarse bien preparado o mal preparado. Se realizó un análisis y revisión comparativa de los programas universitarios, asignándoles un puntaje de acuerdo a los perfiles descritos por el EUNACOM. Resultados: Porcentaje de alumnos que se consideraron bien preparados versus mal preparados (BP vs MP): patologías clínicas generales: BP 63,15 por ciento vs MP 36,85 por ciento; patología de urgencia: BP 61,05 por ciento vs MP 38,95 por ciento; interpretación de exámenes de laboratorio e imagenología: BP 63,66 por ciento vs MP 36,34 por ciento; realización de procedimientos: BP 21,50 por ciento vs MP 78,05 por ciento. Respecto a los programas universitarios de un total posible de 186puntos, U1 obtuvo 68, U2 74 y U3 131. Conclusiones: Un alto porcentaje de los alumnos de pregrado no se siente bien preparado en Ortopedia y Traumatología. Los programas sólo cumplen parcialmente con los perfiles EUNACOM.

Evaluation of the home pad test in the investigation of female urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of the home pad test in the management of patients with urinary dysfunction with reference to feasibility, normal data, reproducibility, compliance and accuracy when compared to video urodynamics. DESIGN: A prospective study to determine 1. the accuracy of weighing pads by healthcare workers compared to weighing by patients with a spring balance; 2. the effects of evaporation; 3. the pad weight increase in continent women; 4. the compliance over 194 tests in terms of acceptability and feasibility; 5. the reproducibility in 112 women for the 24 h and 48 h tests, 6. the comparison with video urodynamic studies in 149 patients. SETTING: A London teaching hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Coefficient of variation and mean deviation analysis were employed to determine the accuracy of measurement. Percentage changes in standardised wet pad weights over a period of 8 weeks were used to determine the rate of weight loss due to evaporation. The percentage of patients completing the test satisfactorily was documented. The increase in the weights of all pads worn during the test period was measured in continent volunteers and incontinent patients. Video urodynamic diagnoses were used as the Gold Standard for comparison. RESULTS: Twelve perineal pads were weighed by 15 healthcare workers with a resulting coefficient of variation equal to 1.55% (standard error = 0.09%). The mean deviation between patient-measured pad weights and staff-measured weights was 49% (SD = 132%). Pads wetted with saline showed no difference in weight after 1 week and less than 5% change in weight after 8 weeks, with the upper 95% confidence limit of less than 10% loss. The mean pad weight increase over 48 h in continent women was 7.13 g (SD = 4.32 g) giving a 95% upper confidence level of less than 15 g. Compliance was reasonably high with 161 (83%) carrying out the test perfectly. Test-retest analysis of the 24 h and 48 h tests showed a strong relationship with correlation coefficients of 0.90 and 0.94 respectively. The reproducibility was also good, with differences as a percentage of the mean between the first and second test being 6.9% and 1.6% for the 24 h and 48 h tests respectively. There was good concordance when the urodynamic study data was compared with pad weight data in terms of incontinence compared with no incontinence (kappa = 0.65), but a high false positive rate was detected for the pads. When eight of these patients with a false positive pad test had repeat video urodynamic studies, six were found to have detrusor instability on the second study. CONCLUSIONS: The home pad test combined with frequency volume chart documentation is an easy test to perform. It is quite robust and reasonably reproducible. This test should be added to complement the routine urodynamic tests and may have a role in detecting occult detrusor instability.

Transfusión autóloga y hemodilución / Autologous transfusion and hemodilution

Es el proceso que consiste en devolver a la circulación de un individuo, sangre previamente obtenida de él, con el fin de minimizar los riesgos de transmisión de enfermedades infectocontagiosas tales como hepatitis, Chagas y principalmente SIDA, y la aloinmunización en pacientes que están altamente inmunizados a factores sanguíneos a los cuales no es posible encontrarles sangre compatible. Este concepto consta de tres grandes grupos: 1.- Sangre recolectada, previo a la cirugía no urgente, para posteriores autotransfusiones. 2.- Recolección y almacenamiento de sangre en forma sucesiva y previa a la intervención quirúrgica, para ser transfundidas al final del procedimiento. Esta técnica se usa conjuntamente con la hemodilución. 3.- Sangre obtenida durante o inmediatamente después de un procedimiento quirúrgico, la cual se reinfunde previo lavado y filtración