Factors predicting pharyngocutaneous fistula in patients after salvage laryngectomy for laryngeal malignancy - A multicenter collaborative cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) is a major morbidity of salvage total laryngectomy (TL). Understanding the factors predicting PCF is fundamental to managing laryngeal cancer. We aim to assess factors associated with PCF following salvage TL in a multicenter, international retrospective cohort study of academic centers in the US and Canada. RESULTS: In total, 550 patients post-salvage TL were identified (mean [SD; range] age, 64 [10.4; 32-90] years; 465 [85 %] male and 84 [15 %] female) between 2000 and 2014. Rate of PCF was 23 % (n = 127) with median time to PCF of 2.9 weeks. Surgical management of PCF was required in 43 % (n = 54) while 57 % (n = 73) required wound care alone. Rates of PCF differed by primary treatment modality [radiation, 20 % (n = 76); chemoradiation, 27 % (n = 40); not available (n = 6)] and use of vascularized tissue in pharyngeal closure [free/regional flap, 18 % (n = 25); no vascularized tissue/primary closure, 24 % (n = 98); not available (n = 4)]. There was no statistically significant association between PCF and treatment with chemoradiation (HR, 1.32; 95 % CI, 0.91-1.93, p = 0.14) or lack of vascularized tissue reconstruction (HR, 1.41, 95 % CI 0.91-2.18, p = 0.12). Significant association between PCF and advanced stage (T3 or T4), positive margin, close margin (<5mm), lymphovascular invasion and pre-operative tracheostomy were identified on univariable analysis. Positive surgical margin (HR, 1.91; 95 % CI, 1.11 to 3.29) was the only significant association on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: We highlight positive surgical margin as the only variable significantly associated with increased risk of PCF following salvage TL on multivariable analysis in a large cohort across several major head and neck oncology centers.

Applications of intraoperative angiography in head and neck reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: Laser-assisted angiography with indocyanine green (LAIG) allows objective intraoperative evaluation of tissue vascularity. We endeavored to describe our experience with this technique in the head and neck region. METHODS: A retrospective review from February 2016 till October 2018 was conducted. We included patients who underwent head and neck procedures in which LAIG was employed. The main outcome was postoperative wound complications. We analysed the influence of LAIG results in intraoperative decision-making process. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were included, and follow-up was for at least 6 months. LAIG was employed in 11 local flaps, 9 free flaps and 6 cases of pharyngeal closure during total laryngectomies. Wound complications occurred in two cases with distal tip flap necrosis. LAIG findings resulted in changes in decision making intraoperatively in 84% of procedures, which consisted in trimming poorly perfused tissues. There were no pharyngocutaneous fistulas. CONCLUSIONS: This represents a descriptive report on the use of LAIG on diverse head and neck reconstruction cases, with important impact on the decision-making process. A low number of postoperative wound complications were observed.

Association of Pharyngocutaneous Fistula With Cancer Outcomes in Patients After Laryngectomy: A Multicenter Collaborative Cohort Study.

Importance: Pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) results in an inflammatory reaction, but its association with the rate of locoregional and distant control, disease-free survival, and overall survival in laryngeal cancer remains uncertain. Objective: To determine if pharyngocutaneous fistula after salvage laryngectomy is associated with locoregional and distant control, disease-free survival, and/or overall survival. Design, Setting, and Participants: A multicenter collaborative retrospective cohort study conducted at 5 centers in Canada and the US of 550 patients who underwent salvage laryngectomy for recurrent laryngeal cancer from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2014. The median follow-up time was 5.7 years (range, 0-18 years). Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes examined included locoregional and distant control, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Fine and Gray competing risk regression and Cox-proportional hazard regression models were used for outcomes. Competing risks and the Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate outcomes at 3 years and 5 years. Results: In all, 550 patients (mean [SD] age, 64 [10.4] years; men, 465 [85%]) met inclusion criteria. Pharyngocutaneous fistula occurred in 127 patients (23%). The difference in locoregional control between the group of patients with PCF (75%) and the non-PCF (72%) group was 3% (95% CI, -6% to 12%). The difference in overall survival between the group with PCF (44%) and the non-PCF group (52%) was 8% (95% CI, -2% to 20%). The difference in disease-free survival between PCF and non-PCF groups was 6% (95% CI, -4% to 16%). In the multivariable model, patients with PCF were at a 2-fold higher rate of distant metastases (hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.22 to 3.27). Distant control was reduced in those with PCF, a 13% (95% CI, 3% to 21%) difference in 5-year distant control. Conclusions and Relevance: This multicenter retrospective cohort study found that development of PCF after salvage laryngectomy is associated with an increased risk for the development of distant metastases.

A Multimodal Imaging Study in a Case of Bilateral Thalamic Damage With Multidomain Cognitive Impairment.

Severe thalamic injury can determine a particular type of vascular dementia affecting multiple network dysfunctions, considered the central role of thalamus as a hub for afferent and efferent stimuli. A 67-year-old male patient with bilateral thalamic stroke was studied with positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cognitive assessment, performed at baseline and at two follow-up evaluations. A pattern primarily involving thalamo-frontal connections was observed by both PET and tractography analyses. All significant differences between the patient and controls involved the anterior thalamic radiation, one of the major fiber tracts in the fronto-thalamic circuitry. In particular, altered tractography indices of higher radial diffusivity and apparent diffusion coefficient and reduced fractional anisotropy values for the anterior thalamic radiation were reported. In accordance with imaging findings, neuropsychological evaluation demonstrated a multidomain impairment including memory, executive functions, and attention. Additionally, the patients displayed behavioral symptoms, in absence of mood alterations. Multimodal imaging assessment, revealing the metabolic and microstructural alterations that attend to multidomain neuropsychological impairment, demonstrated multiple levels of adaptations to bilateral vascular thalamic injury.

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI for Functional Neurological Assessment.

The increasing incidence of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases requires increasingly sophisticated tools for their diagnosis and monitoring. Clinical assessment takes advantage of objective parameters extracted by electroencephalogram and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among others, to support clinical management of neurological diseases. The complementarity of these two tools can be now emphasized by the possibility of integrating the two technologies in a hybrid solution, allowing simultaneous acquisition of the two signals by the novel EEG-fMRI technology. This review will focus on simultaneous EEG-fMRI technology and related early studies, dealing about issues related to the acquisition and processing of simultaneous signals, and including critical discussion about clinical and technological perspectives.

Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Is Associated With Frequency-Specific Brain Network Alterations in Temporal Poles.

There is general agreement that the neuropathological processes leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) begin decades before the clinical onset. In order to detect early topological changes, we applied functional connectivity and network analysis to magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data obtained from 16 patients with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), a prodromal stage of AD, and 16 matched healthy control (HCs). Significant differences between the two groups were found in the theta band, which is associated with memory processes, in both temporal poles (TPs). In aMCI, the degree and betweenness centrality (BC) were lower in the left superior TP, whereas in the right middle TP the BC was higher. A statistically significant negative linear correlation was found between the BC of the left superior TP and a delayed recall score, a sensitive marker of the "hippocampal memory" deficit in early AD. Our results suggest that the TPs, which are involved early in AD pathology and belong to the memory circuitry, have an altered role in the functional network in aMCI.

Multimodal Neuroimaging Approach to Variability of Functional Connectivity in Disorders of Consciousness: A PET/MRI Pilot Study.

Behavioral assessments could not suffice to provide accurate diagnostic information in individuals with disorders of consciousness (DoC). Multimodal neuroimaging markers have been developed to support clinical assessments of these patients. Here we present findings obtained by hybrid fludeoxyglucose (FDG-)PET/MR imaging in three severely brain-injured patients, one in an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), one in a minimally conscious state (MCS), and one patient emerged from MCS (EMCS). Repeated behavioral assessment by means of Coma Recovery Scale-Revised and neurophysiological evaluation were performed in the two weeks before and after neuroimaging acquisition, to ascertain that clinical diagnosis was stable. The three patients underwent one imaging session, during which two resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) blocks were run with a temporal gap of about 30 min. rs-fMRI data were analyzed with a graph theory approach applied to nine independent networks. We also analyzed the benefits of concatenating the two acquisitions for each patient or to select for each network the graph strength map with a higher ratio of fitness. Finally, as for clinical assessment, we considered the best functional connectivity pattern for each network and correlated graph strength maps to FDG uptake. Functional connectivity analysis showed several differences between the two rs-fMRI acquisitions, affecting in a different way each network and with a different variability for the three patients, as assessed by ratio of fitness. Moreover, combined PET/fMRI analysis demonstrated a higher functional/metabolic correlation for patients in EMCS and MCS compared to UWS. In conclusion, we observed for the first time, through a test-retest approach, a variability in the appearance and temporal/spatial patterns of resting-state networks in severely brain-injured patients, proposing a new method to select the most informative connectivity pattern.

Fronto-Temporal Circuits in Musical Hallucinations: A PET-MR Case Study.

The aim of the study is to investigate morphofunctional circuits underlying musical hallucinations (MH) in a 72-years old female that underwent a simultaneous 18fluoredeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) and advanced magnetic resonance (MR) exam. This represents a particular case of MH occurred in an healthy subject, not displaying neurological or psychopathological disorders, and studied simultaneously with a multimodal approach. For the resting-state fMRI analysis a seed to seed approach was chosen. For the task-based fMRI, 4 different auditory stimuli were presented. Imaging findings were compared with data obtained by ten healthy controls matched for age and sex. Neuropsychological evaluation and questionnaires investigating depression and anxiety were also administered. PET findings showed hypermetabolism of: superior temporal gyri, anterior cingulate, left orbital frontal, and medial temporal cortices. Structural MRI did not show macroscopical lesions except for gliotic spots along the uncinate fascicle pathways with an increased cortical thickness for the right orbitofrontal cortex (p = 0.003). DTI showed increased fractional anisotropy values in the left uncinate fascicle, when compared to controls (p = 0.04). Resting-state fMRI showed increased functional connectivity between the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left temporal fusiform cortex (p = 0.01). Task-based fMRI confirmed PET findings showing an increased activation of the superior temporal gyrus in all the auditory tasks except for the monotone stimulus, with a significant activation of the left orbital frontal cortex only during the song in foreign language, object of MH. Results on cognitive test did not show cognitive impairment, excepting for the performance on Frontal Assessment Battery where the patient fails in the cognitive domains of conceptualization, sensitive to interference, and inhibitory control. The subject did not show depressive or anxiety symptoms. Summarizing, multimodal imaging analyses in the MH case showed a microstructural alteration of the left uncinate fascicle paralleled by an increased metabolism and functional connectivity of cortical regions that receive left uncinate projections (orbital frontal cortex, and medial temporal cortex). This alteration of fronto-hyppocampal circuits could be responsible of retrieval of known songs even in the absence of real stimuli.

Predicting complications of major head and neck oncological surgery: an evaluation of the ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator.

BACKGROUND: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) universal surgical risk calculator is an online tool intended to improve the informed consent process and surgical decision-making. The risk calculator uses a database of information from 585 hospitals to predict a patient's risk of developing specific postoperative outcomes. METHODS: Patient records at a major Canadian tertiary care referral center between July 2015 and March 2017 were reviewed for surgical cases including one of six major head and neck oncologic surgeries: total thyroidectomy, total laryngectomy, hemiglossectomy, partial glossectomy, laryngopharyngectomy, and composite resection. Preoperative information for 107 patients was entered into the risk calculator and compared to observed postoperative outcomes. Statistical analysis of the risk calculator was completed for the entire study population, for stratification by procedure, and by utilization of microvascular reconstruction. Accuracy was assessed using the ratio of predicted to observed outcomes, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), Brier score, and the Wilcoxon signed-ranked test. RESULTS: The risk calculator accurately predicted the incidences for 11 of 12 outcomes for patients that did not undergo free flap reconstruction (NFF group), but was less accurate for patients that underwent free flap reconstruction (FF group). Length of stay (LOS) analysis showed similar results, with predicted and observed LOS statistically different in the overall population and FF group analyses (p = 0.001 for both), but not for the NFF group analysis (p = 0.764). All outcomes in the NFF group, when analyzed for calibration, met the threshold value (Brier scores < 0.09). Risk predictions for 8 of 12, and 10 of 12 outcomes were adequately calibrated in the FF group and the overall study population, respectively. Analyses by procedure were excellent, with the risk calculator showing adequate calibration for 7 of 8 procedural categories and adequate discrimination for all calculable categories (6 of 6). CONCLUSION: The NSQIP-RC demonstrated efficacy for predicting postoperative complications in head and neck oncology surgeries that do not require microvascular reconstruction. The predictive value of the metric can be improved by inclusion of several factors important for risk stratification in head and neck oncology.

Motor and sensory morbidity associated with the anterolateral thigh perforator free flap.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify changes in motor function, sensation, and lower extremity quality of life following anterior lateral thigh free flap (ALT) resection. METHODS: This mixed methods study contained both a prospective cohort arm (n = 20) and retrospective cross-sectional arm (n = 20). In both arms, patients underwent formal motor and sensation testing of the ipsilateral and contralateral thigh by sphygmomanometry and monofilament testing. In the prospective arm, data was collected preoperatively and at the 6-month and 1-year follow-up visits. In the retrospective arm, consecutive patients with a minimum of 6-month postoperative follow-up were enrolled. RESULTS: Postoperatively, 82% of participants endorsed some degree of numbness and tingling at the donor site. On monofilament testing, patients from the prospective arm showed decreased sensibility of the midthigh at both the 6- and 12-month assessment (P < 0.01). Two-point discrimination scores were moderately correlated with the cross-sectional surface area of the flap. Donor thighs demonstrated a similar peak isometric quadriceps contraction (retrospective [retro]: 47 ± 24 mmHg, prospective [pro]: 90 ± 36 mmHg) to the unoperated thighs (retro: 43 mmHg ± 22, pro: 69 ± 35.3 mmHg, P = 0.49). When stratified by perforator anatomy, no significant differences were noted. Subjective donor site morbidity measured with the lower extremity function scale demonstrated no statistically significant difference between the preoperative and 12-month postoperative assessment. CONCLUSION: The ALT flap offers minimal donor site morbidity. Reduced sensibility of the ALT flap is a common complaint among patients. Quadriceps strength is not significantly affected by an ALT free flap harvest. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 128:1057-1061, 2018.

Staging cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma metastases to the parotid gland.

OBJECTIVE: The staging of cutaneous squamous cell cancers (cSCC) was revised by the American Joint Committee on Cancer in 2010 to incorporate known prognostic factors and expand the N (node) category. The purpose of this study was to validate this staging system using a North American cohort, and to compare it to the O'Brien P (Parotid) and N staging system. METHODS: An exhaustive collaborative database search was performed for all patients with cSCC metastasis to the parotid gland treated at three major Canadian tertiary referral centers from December 1999 to March 2015. The data collected for each patient included overall survival; disease-free survival; tumor, node, and metastasis) staging; and postoperative radiation status. Post-hoc analysis was completed to discern the strongest prognostic factors of survival as they relate to the abovementioned staging systems. RESULTS: Of 136 patients identified, 80% had a documented history of previously treated head and neck cSCC an average of 27 months prior to presentation. Average size of the parotid lesion at recurrence was 4.5 cm. Ninety-six percent of patients underwent surgical resection of the parotid metastasis. Five-year overall and disease-free survival is 79% and 55%, respectively. Only cSCC staging and cSCC-N category had statistically significant differences between groups. cSCC staging had the largest percentage of variation in overall survival explained. CONCLUSION: Patients with cSCC metastasis to the parotid gland proved to have a moderate survival rate, despite presenting with advanced disease. cSCC staging in the setting of parotid metastasis, despite its limitations, currently offers the most predictive staging system available. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 127:2063-2069, 2017.

The dangers of parathyroid biopsy.

BACKGROUND: We report an unusual case of a 66-year-old female with a suspicious thoracic outlet mass presenting with severe biochemical hyperparathyroidism and classic hypercalcemic symptoms of renal and bone involvement. CASE PRESENTATION: There was clinical suspicion for parathyroid carcinoma, further supported by intra-operative findings. However, the final pathology described a primary hyperceullar parathyroid lesion with pathognomonic changes secondary to fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, along with a separate parathyroid lesion likely resulting from seeding along the needle tract. Upon further review, record of a remote FNA was discovered. This case highlights the complications associated with parathyroid FNA resulting in a diagnostic challenge and raising the possibility of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: We therefore recommend to take caution when there is a prior parathyroid FNA, as it can present with the risks of a secondary lesion from seeding and increase resemblance of malignancy both clinically and through pathologic diagnosis.

Estabilização segmentar vertebral no controle da dor lombar crônica: efetividade e variações / Spinal segmental stabilization in the control of chronic lumbar pain: effectiveness and variations

Dor e desconforto por no mínimo 12 semanas naregião lombar é defi nido como lombalgia crônica que atinge umaelevada parcela da população levando a consequências sociais e desaúde. Estudos demonstram que a instabilidade lombar é geradapor desequilíbrios musculares o que desencadeia os quadros álgicos.Em contrapartida pesquisas atuais indicam a efi ciência daestabilização segmentar vertebral (ESV) nestes pacientes, apesar depoucas descrições em determinadas associações da técnica. Objetivos:Apresentar a efetividade da ESV na dor lombar e expor as suasdiferentes abordagens. Material e métodos: Esta revisão de literaturautilizou artigos coletados nas bases de dados Pubmed e Scielo. Osartigos selecionados compreenderam o período de publicação de1995 a 2011; apresentavam metodologias confi áveis e devidamentedescritas; e relevância social. Resultados: Busca total de 3925 artigos,dos quais 18 foram selecionados por estarem de acordo com oscritérios de inclusão. Conclusão: A literatura tem comprovado efi -ciência signifi cativa da ESV na dor lombar crônica, e as constantesvariações de seus protocolos se mostram necessários para adaptaçõesindividuais de pacientes e/ou terapeutas...

Pain and discomfort for at least 12 weeks in thelumbar region is defi ned as chronic back pain that aff ects a highproportion of the population leading to social and health consequences.Studies show that lumbar instability is generated bymuscle imbalances that trigger the painful situations. But currentresearches indicate the eff ectiveness of spinal segmental stabilization(SSS) in patients, although few descriptions of the technique incertain associations. Objectives: To present the eff ectiveness of SSSin low back pain and expose diff erent approaches. Methods: Th isliterature review was based on articles found in Pubmed and Scielodatabases. Selected articles included the publication period from1995 to 2011, had reliable methodologies and properly described,and social relevance. Results: A total of 3925 articles were analyzed,of which 18 were selected because they met the inclusion criteria.Conclusion: Th e literature has shown signifi cant effi ciency of SSS inchronic low back pain, and constantly changing protocols are neededto individual patients and/or therapists adaptations...