RESUMO
Mastitis caused by microbial infections in dairy goats reduces milk yield, modifies milk composition, and potentially contributes to morbidity in herds and consumers of dairy products. Microorganisms associated with mastitis in dairy goats are commonly controlled with antibiotics, but it is known that continued use of these chemical agents promotes antibiotic resistance among bacterial populations. Recently, it has been shown that bacteriocins of Bacillus thuringiensis inhibit growth of food-borne pathogens and also bacteria associated with bovine mastitis. However, there is no report on their ability to inhibit microorganisms linked to mastitis in dairy goats. In this study, using 16S rDNA and ITS regions of rDNA, we identified nine bacterial isolates and an encapsulated yeast associated with mastitis in dairy goats. Enterococcus durans, Brevibacillus sp., and Staphylococcus epidermidis 2 were resistant to, respectively, 75, ~67, ~42, and ~42 % of the antibiotics screened. In addition, 60 % of the bacterial isolates were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, and dicloxacillin. Importantly, 60 % of the isolates were inhibited by the bacteriocins, but S. epidermidis 1, Enterobacter sp., Escherichia vulneris, and Cryptococcus neoformans were not susceptible to these antimicrobial peptides. Using Brevibacillus sp. and Staphylococcus chromogenes as indicator bacteria, we show that peptides of ~10 kDa that correspond to the molecular mass of bacteriocins used in this study are responsible for the inhibitory activity. Our results demonstrate that multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy goats from Guanajuato, Mexico, are susceptible to bacteriocins produced by B. thuringiensis.
Assuntos
Bacillus thuringiensis/química , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Bacteriocinas/farmacologia , Mastite/veterinária , Micoses/veterinária , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Bacteriocinas/isolamento & purificação , Bacteriocinas/uso terapêutico , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Doenças das Cabras/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Cabras , Mastite/tratamento farmacológico , Mastite/microbiologia , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Micoses/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The authors' goal was to study subtyping, demographic variables, suicidality, diagnostic stability, and 2-year rehospitalization outcome for inpatients given the admission diagnosis of adjustment disorder at their institution. METHOD: They reviewed the charts of 54 adolescent and 102 adult inpatients given the diagnosis of adjustment disorder at admission and compared them with the charts of 156 matched comparison subjects given other admission diagnoses. RESULTS: Adolescents and adults with adjustment disorder had significantly shorter index hospitalizations and more presenting suicidality than the comparison subjects. Adults but not adolescents with adjustment disorder had significantly fewer psychiatric readmissions and fewer rehospitalization days 2 years after discharge than comparison subjects, and more adults with adjustment disorder had diagnoses of comorbid substance use disorder. Forty percent of the patients admitted with the diagnosis of adjustment disorder were discharged with different diagnoses. Only 18% of the inpatients with adjustment disorder who were rehospitalized were given that diagnosis at readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Adjustment disorder diagnoses were associated with suicidality, shorter lengths of stay, and, in adults, more substance use disorders and fewer rehospitalizations.
