Modeling heterothermic fitness landscapes in a marsupial hibernator using changes in body composition.

Hibernation is an adaptive strategy that allows animals to enter a hypometabolic state, conserving energy and enhancing their fitness by surviving harsh environmental conditions. However, addressing the adaptive value of hibernation, at the individual level and in natural populations, has been challenging. Here, we applied a non-invasive technique, body composition analysis by quantitative magnetic resonance (qMR), to calculate energy savings by hibernation in a population of hibernating marsupials (Dromiciops gliroides). Using outdoor enclosures installed in a temperate rainforest, and measuring qMR periodically, we determined the amount of fat and lean mass consumed during a whole hibernation cycle. With this information, we estimated the daily energy expenditure of hibernation (DEEH) at the individual level and related to previous fat accumulation. Using model selection approaches and phenotypic selection analysis, we calculated linear (directional, ß), quadratic (stabilizing or disruptive, γ) and correlational (ρ) coefficients for DEEH and fat accumulation. We found significant, negative directional selection for DEEH (ßDEEH = - 0.58 ± 0.09), a positive value for fat accumulation (ßFAT = 0.34 ± 0.07), and positive correlational selection between both traits (ρDEEH × FAT = 0.24 ± 0.07). Then, individuals maximizing previous fat accumulation and minimizing DEEH were promoted by selection, which is visualized by a bi-variate selection surface estimated by generalized additive models. At the comparative level, results fall within the isometric allometry known for hibernation metabolic rate in mammals. Thus, by a combination of a non-invasive technique for body composition analysis and semi-natural enclosures, we were characterized the heterothermic fitness landscape in a semi-natural population of hibernators.

Encefalopatía de Hashimoto. Un diagnóstico por exclusión y revisión de la literatura a partir de un reporte de caso / Hashimoto Encephalopathy as Diagnosis by Exclusion Review of the Literature from a Case Report

La encefalopatía de Hashimoto es una entidad poco frecuente, con una amplia gama de manifestaciones neurológicas que incluyen déficits focales, alteraciones cognitivas, crisis convulsivas, trastorno del movimiento e incluso el coma. Con un curso de la enfermedad de subagudo a fluctuante. Afecta más a mujeres que a hombres, con edad de presentación alrededor de los 44 años, aunque se han reportado casos en la edad pediátrica. De etiología poco clara, se desarrolla en el contexto de la presencia de anticuerpos antitiroideos, independientemente de la función tiroidea. La presencia de estos anticuerpos, sumado a la exclusión de otras etiologías y la respuesta al manejo esteroide son claves para su diagnóstico. Presentamos un caso clínico de una mujer de 57 años de edad que evoluciona con psicosis, alteración del lenguaje, deterioro cognitivo, mioclonías y crisis convulsivas de 5 meses de evolución, quien se excluyó otras causas de demencia rápidamente progresiva con presencia de anticuerpos anti tiroglobulina de 83,6 UI/mL (V.R. < 100 UI/mL) normal y anti tiroperoxidasa en 217 UI/mL (V.R. < 100 UI/mL) elevado. Recibió valoración por el Servicio de Endocrinología, donde se detectó hipotiroidismo y se indicó manejo con levotiroxina sin mejoría del cuadro neurológico. Se indicó manejo esteroide con pulsos de metilprednisona a 500 mg/día por 5 días, con mejoría clínica y se concluyó por criterios de exclusión como una encefalopatía de Hashimoto(AU)

Hashimoto encephalopathy is a rare entity, with wide range of neurological manifestations including focal deficits, cognitive alterations, seizures, movement disorders, and even coma, with a subacute to fluctuating disease course. It affects more women than men, it has age of presentation around 44 years, although cases have been reported in the pediatric age. Its etiology is unclear, it develops in the presence of antithyroid antibodies, regardless of thyroid function. The presence of these antibodies, added to the exclusion of other etiologies and the response to steroid management are key to the diagnosis. We report a clinical case of a 57-year-old woman who evolved with psychosis, language impairment, cognitive impairment, myoclonus, and seizures of 5 month-duration. Other causes of rapidly progressive dementia with the presence of normal antithyroglobulin antibodies of 83.6 IU/mL (RV < 100 IU/mL) and elevated antithyroperoxidase 217 IU/mL (RV < 100 IU/mL) were excluded. She was evaluated in the Endocrinology Department that detected hypothyroidism and indicated management with levothyroxine with no improvement in the neurological condition. Steroid management with methylprednisone pulses at 500 mg/day for 5 days was indicated. Clinical improvement was observed and was concluded to be a Hashimoto encephalopathy by exclusion criteria(AU)

CULTURA HÍDRICA. AGUA Y CULTURA EN LA REGIÓN MAZAHUA / HYDRIC CULTURE. WATER AND CULTURE IN THE MAZAHUA REGION

Este trabajo habla sobre la organización social y el agua en dos comunidades mazahuas. Esto en dos contextos: 1) Estas comunidades están viviendo en una parte de la cuenca Lerma/Chapala y 2) ellas están experimentando el proceso de urbanización. De ahí que, presentamos la organización social relativa a los usos del agua y la cosmovisión acerca del líquido. La hipótesis es que en la actualidad el conflicto social es una expresión de la ruptura entre la organización tradicional y la cosmovisión.

This work talks about social organization and water in two Mazahua communities in two contexts: 1) these communities are living in a part of the Lerma/Chapala basin and 2) they are experiencing the process of urbanization. Hence the social organization related to the uses of water and the world view about the liquid are presented. The hypothesis is that nowadays the social conflict is an expression of the rupture between traditional organization and world view.

Caracterización de los riesgos psicosociales intralaborales en jefes asistenciales de cinco clínicas nivel III de Santiago de Cali (Colombia) / Characterization of Psychosocial Risks at the Workplace of Heads of Five Clinical Care Level III Santiago de Cali (Colombia) / Caracterizado dos riscos psicossociais de caberas de saúde dos cinco hospitais de nivel III de Santiago de Cali (Colombia)

Objetivo: la investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores de riesgo psicosociales intralaborales en trabajadores jefes con cargos asistenciales de cinco instituciones del sector salud que prestan servicios de alta complejidad (nivel III) de la ciudad de Cali. Metodología: el estudio, de tipo descriptivo, tuvo un diseño transversal. Se aplicó la forma A del Cuestionario de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial Intralaboral (Ministerio de Protección Social, 2010) a una muestra de 156 trabajadores que tienen un cargo directamente relacionado con salud y un papel de jefes. Resultados: el personal asistencial con cargo de jefe de las cinco instituciones de salud nivel III presenta nivel de riesgo alto en los riesgos psicosociales intralaborales, concretamente en las dimensiones demandas del trabajo y liderazgo y relaciones sociales.

Objective: This research aimed to identify psychosocial risk factors at work, in workers with leadership positions of five health care institutions that provide high complexity services (level III) of the city of Cali, Colombia. Method: This was a non-experimental descriptive research, with a cross-sectional design. Participants were 156 workers involved in leadership positions, whose functions have a direct relation with taking care of patient's health. The Intralaboral Psychosocial Risk Factors Questionnaire - A Form (Ministerio de la Protección Social, 2010) was applied. Results: The total score of the Psychosocial Risk Factors assessment shows a high level of risk. The domains that show a higher risk are: Work Demands and Leadership and social relationships at work.

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores psicossociais em trabalhadores líderes de cuidados sob a acu-sacao de cinco instituicoes do setor de saúde que prestam servicos de alta complexidade (nivel III), nacida de Cali. Metodología: O estudo é descritivo, com um design de crossover. Forma foi aplicado ao Fator Intralaboral Questionário Psicossocial de Risco (Ministério da Protecao Social, 2010) a uma amostra de 156 trabalhadores que sao cobrados diretamente relacionados á saúde e ao papel dos chefes. Resultados: O estudo identificou riscos psicossociais nas cabe-cas, que sao caracterizadas por altos níveis na lideranca dimensoes e dos Assuntos Sociais e Demandas Trabalhistas.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial en una industria alimenticia de la ciudad de Cali / Psychosocial Risk Factors in a Food Industry in the City of Cali / Fatores de risco psicossocial na indústria alimentaria da cidade de Cali

Objetivo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los factores de riesgo psicosocial intralaboral y extralaboral, así como las manifestaciones físicas y psicológicas ligadas al estrés en el trabajo, en trabajadores de una industria alimenticia en la ciudad de Cali (Colombia). Método. Para ello, se realizó una investigación descriptiva con diseño transversal. La información se recolectó a través del cuestionario de riesgos biopsicosociales asociados a la accidentalidad de Rentería, Fernández, Tenjo y Uribe (2008); adaptado por Zúñiga y Uribe (2009) a la totalidad de los trabajadores (43 sujetos, 72% mujeres y 28% hombres). Resultados. Los resultados evidenciaron manifestaciones físicas y psicológicas asociadas al estrés en los trabajadores y se presumieron exposiciones a factores de riesgo psicosocial, específicamente, en las dimensiones de condiciones de trabajo, disponibilidad de recursos, gestión de los líderes, alta carga laboral, ausencia de programas de capacitación y salud ocupacional. Conclusiones. Los principales hallazgos de este trabajo sugieren que es fundamental que diferentes instancias académicas, profesionales y legales atiendan la salud laboral de las pequeñas industrias alimenticias, pues sus trabajadores parecen estar expuestos a diferentes tipos de riesgo psicosocial y carecen de medidas de prevención entorno al estrés laboral.

Objective. This article presents the results of the assessment of psychosocial risk factors within and outside the working environment, and the physical and psychological manifestations associated with job stress, conducted at a food industry in the city of Cali, Colombia. Method. Descriptive, non-experimental and cross-sectional research was carried out. Information was collected by means of the accident-related bio-psychosocial risk instrument developed by Renteria, Fernandez, Tenjo and Uribe (2008) and adapted by Zúñiga and Uribe (2009), which was applied to all employees (43 subjects 72% female, and 28% male), consisting of operational and administrative staff. Results. The results indicated stress-related manifestations of a physical and psychological nature among the workers, and what was seen to be exposure to psycho-social risk factors, especially with regard to working conditions, availability of resources, management on the part of their superiors, a heavy workload, and a lack of training and occupational health programs. Conclusion. These results support the call for academic, legal and other related institutions to attend to the need for occupational health care in food industries, which have been neglected in comparison with other economic sectors in the country, such as health and education, possibly because the social impact they generate is not as visible as the other two.

Escopo. O escopo de esta pesquisa foi avaliar os fatores do risco psicossocial intraloboral e extraboral, assim como as manifestações físicas e psicológicas ligadas ao stress no trabalho, nos trabalhadores de uma indústria alimentaria na cidade de Cali (Colômbia). Metodologia. Para isto, foi feita uma pesquisa descritiva com desenho transversal. A informação foi coletada através do questionário de riscos biopsicossociais associados à acidentalidade de Renteria, Fernández, Tenjo e Uribe (2008), adaptado por Zúñiga e Uribe (2009) à totalidade dos trabalhadores da empresa (43 sujeitos, 72% mulheres e 28% homens). Resultados. Os resultados evidenciaram manifestações físicas e psicológicas associadas ao stress nos trabalhadores e presumiram exposições a fatores de risco psicossocial, especificamente, nas dimensões de condições de trabalho, disponibilidade de recursos, gestão dos líderes, alta carga laboral, ausência de programas de capacitação e saúde ocupacional. Conclusão. As principais descobertas de este trabalho sugerem que é fundamental que diferentes instancias acadêmicas, profissionais e legais atendam a saúde laboral das pequenas industrias alimentarias, pois seus trabalhadores parecem estar expostos a diferentes tipos de risco psicossocial e carecem de medidas de prevenção em torno ao stress laboral.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial y compromiso (engagement) con el trabajo en una organización del sector salud de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia / Psychosocial risk factors and work (engagement) in a health care institution in the city of, Cali - Colombia / Fatores de risco psicossocial e compromisso com o trabalho em uma organização do setor da saúde na cidade de Cali na Colômbia

El presente artículo describe los resultados de una investigación cuyo objetivo fue evaluar e identificar la relación entre los Factores Psicosociales Intralaborales y la experiencia de Engagement en el trabajo, en una organización privada del sector salud de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Participaron 111 trabajadores. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial Intralaboral (Ministerio de la Protección Social, 2010) y la versión en español de la Encuesta de Bienestar y Trabajo (Utrech Work Engagement Scale (UWES)), elaborada por Shaufeli y Bakker (2003). El puntaje total en la evaluación de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial permite inferir que la organización se encuentra en un nivel de riesgo medio. Las dimensiones que indican un nivel de riesgo alto son: Demandas emocionales en el trabajo y Retroalimentación del desempeño. En la evaluación del Engagement se encontraron puntajes altos y medios en sus tres dimensiones (vigor, dedicación y absorción), mostrando relaciones estadísticamente significativas con los factores psicosociales: Control sobre el trabajo, Recompensas, y Liderazgo y relaciones sociales en el trabajo. Como conclusión, la investigación logró evidenciar relaciones significativas entre los Factores Psicosociales Intralaborales y la experiencia de Engagement en el trabajo, por lo cual se destaca la pertinencia de incluir la mirada de la Psicología Positiva en el estudio de las condiciones de trabajo y su impacto en la salud de los trabajadores.

This paper describes the results and conclusions of a research whose main objective was to assess and identify the relationship between psychosocial factors at work and the experience of work Engagement in a private health care institution of the city of Cali, Colombia. Participants were 111 workers involved in care and administrative positions. The Cuestionario de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial Intralaboral (Ministerio de la Protección Social, 2010). (Psycho-social risk factors at work Questionnaire) (Ministry of Social Protection, 2010) and the Spanish version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), developed by Shaufeli and Bakker (2003) were used. The total score in the assessment of Psychosocial Risk Factors at work for the entire organization showed a medium level of risk. The higher risk levels were found in the dimensions of emotional demands at work and performance feedback. In the assessment of work Engagement, high and average scores were found for the three domains of this construct (vigor, dedication, and absorption), showing statistically significant relationships with the psychosocial factors of Control over work, Rewards, and Leadership and Social Relationships. As a conclusion, this research showed statistically significant relationships between Psychosocial Factors and work Engagement. Therefore, the importance of including a Positive Psychology view on the study of work conditions and their impact on workers' health and quality of life is highlighted.

O presente artigo descreve os resultados de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi avaliar e identificar a relação entre os Fatores Psicossociais Intratrabalhistas e a experiência de Engagement no trabalho, em uma organização particular do setor da saúde da cidade de Cali na Colômbia. Participaram 111 trabalhadores. Utilizou-se o Questionário de Fatores de Risco Psicossocial Intralaboral (Ministério de Proteção Social, 2010) e a versão em espanhol da Pesquisa de Bem-estar e Trabalho (Utrech Work Engagement Scale (UWES)), elaborada por Shaufeli e Bakker (2003). A pontuação total na avaliação de Fatores de Risco Psicossocial permite inferir que a organização encontra-se em um nível de risco médio. As dimensões que indicam um nível de risco alto são: Demandas emocionais no trabalho e Retroalimentação do desempenho. Na avaliação do Engagement encontraram-se pontuações altas e médias em suas três dimensões (vigor, dedicação e absorção), mostrando relações estatisticamente significativas com os fatores psicossociais Controle sobre o trabalho, Recompensas, e Liderança e relações sociais no trabalho. Como conclusão, a pesquisa conseguiu evidenciar relações significativas entre os Fatores Psicossociais Intratrabalhistas e a experiência de Engagement no trabalho, pelo qual destaca-se pertinência de incluir o olhar da Psicologia Positiva no estudo das condições de trabalho e seu impacto na saúde dos trabalhadores.

Construcción y validación de contenido de un diccionario de las competencias genéricas del psicólogo: Académicas, profesionales y laborales / Design and validation of contents for a dictionary of academic, professional, and work-related generic competencies for psychologist

El trabajo que se informa presenta los resultados finales del diseño y validación de contenido de un diccionario de competencias genéricas para el profesional en Psicología. Se hace un recuento de las diferentes definiciones dadas al concepto de competencia, desde el enfoque sociolingüístico de Hymes (1972) y del desempeño en el trabajo (McClelland, 1973). Se concluye que éstas integran el saber ser (automotivación, iniciativa y trabajo colaborativo con otros), el saber conocer (observar, explicar, comprender y analizar) y el saber hacer (desempeño basado en procedimientos y estrategias) (Braslavsky & Acosta, 2006; Cejas, 2003; Echeverría, 2002; Ibarra, 2000; Tobón, 2004). Se propone una clasificación teórica del concepto de competencia, retomando autores como Álvarez, Gómez y Ratto (2004), Peiró (2003) y Roe (2003), entre otros, la cual realiza una distinción entre competencias académicas, profesionales y laborales. Se utilizan los planteamientos de Montero y León (2005), así como los de Carretero y Pérez (2007), quienes proveen las herramientas y criterios metodológicos para la validación del diccionario de competencias mediante la evaluación de seis jueces expertos y la aplicación piloto de un instrumento a siete estudiantes y 16 egresados de la Carrera de Psicología. Los resultados de la investigación permitieron la creación de un diccionario de competencias para uso público, el cual constituye una herramienta oportuna para afrontar los retos, demandas y posibilidades para el desempeño del psicólogo, dados los cambios socioeconómicos, demográficos y culturales del Siglo XX1 que influyen sobre la formación y funciones del profesional.

The following article presents the final results of the design and content validation of a generic competencies dictionary for the trained psychologist. Different authors, such as Collazos and Garcia (1999), argue that the research and identification of competencies have helped to solve the weakness of traditional psychometric tests used to predict worker's productivity. Moreover, Peiró (2003) mentions that in defining the objectives to be achieved by education, it is required to determine the qualifications or competencies that should have a professional. However, in the field of Psychology, there is little research leading to the development of tools for identifying and evaluating competencies among students and professionals (ANECA, 2005; Castro Solano, 2004; González, 2007; Herrera, Restrepo & Uribe, 2008; Pérez-Santamarina & López, 2006; Ruiz, Jaraba & Romero, 2005; Uribe, Aristizábal, Barona & López, 2009). A theoretical overview of the concept of competency has been made, taking in to account different approaches, like the sociolinguistic (Hymes, 1972) and the job performance (McClelland, 1973). From the revised definitions and interpretations given to the concept of competence, it is concluded that they integrate self-knowledge (motivation, initiative, and teamwork with others), self-teaching (observation, explanation, comprehension, and analysis), and ‘know-how' (performance based on strategies and procedures) (Braslavsky & Acosta, 2006; Cejas, 2003; Echeverría, 2002; Ibarra, 2000; Tobón, 2004). Different classifications to the concept of competencies that have been applied to different contexts were also reviewed. For instance, Gordillo (2003) argues that competencies can be grouped into methodological, technical, social, and individual. Álvarez, Gómez, and Ratto (2004) classify them in technique and general competencies, similar to the one proposed by Ruiz, Jaraba, and Romero (2008) and the Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación (ANECA, 2005), whoever divide them in general (or transverse) and specific competencies. For the purpose of this research and taking in to account these classifications, it is proposed for this work a distinction between academic, professional, and work-related generic competencies. The creation of the generic competencies dictionary for the trained psychologists followed the guidelines for instrumental studies as suggested by Montero and León (2005) and Carretero and Pérez (2007): the conceptual outline of the evaluation subject, and the design and qualitative evaluation of the items. In the content validation by expert evaluators, participated six professional psychologists with expertise in the fields of research methodology and Organizational Psychology, who are teachers of the Department of Social Sciences from a private university in Cali (Colombia). Subsequently, the pilot application of the instrument was attended by 23 people: 7 final year students of the Career of Psychology and 16 graduates of the same university. These research findings led to the creation of a generic competencies dictionary for public use, composed by 13 academic competencies, 12 professional competencies, and 10 work-related competencies. This dictionary is the result of a research aimed to identify the most significant competencies, as well as the definitions that fit these best, to ensure the recognition of crucial requirements in the field and their adequate implementation among psychologists. It is concluded that this dictionary is useful to understand standards and determine competencies that a professional psychologist must obtain from educational institutions, at least in the work and academic contexts where the research was conducted. It also constitutes a timely contribution to meet the challenges, demands, and possibilities of professional performance, given the socio-economic, demographic, and cultural changes of the 21st century, which impact the training and functions of a professional psychologist.

Definición y clasificación teórica de las competencias académicas, profesionales y laborales: Las competencias del psicólogo en Colombia / Definition and theoretical classication of academic, professional and work related competencies: The competencies of the Psychologist in Colombia

Actualmente, en Colombia, ha crecido el interés por la identificación y evaluación de las competencias como elemento de formación y posterior desarrollo profesional. Es de interés de este artículo, abordar el concepto de competencia a partir de múltiples definiciones y posturas teóricas del concepto, y que dan cuenta al lector acerca de la pluralidad que entrañan según sea su utilización. También se mostrarán diferentes clasificaciones que los estudiosos del constructo atribuyen a la competencia y, finalmente, se describirán algunos estudios y posiciones que se han desarrollado sobre las competencias del psicólogo profesional, con énfasis en el caso colombiano.

Nowadays, in Colombia, the interest to identify and assess competences has grown as an element of training and professional development. The aim of this article is to approach the concept competence from an educational view, showing several meanings and theoretical views of the concept with the idea to locate the reader on the plurality and multiplicity of its meanings depending on its use. The article will also show different classifications of the concept developed by various researchers. Finally, it describes the studies and positions that have been stated about professional psychologist's competences, focusing on the Colombian case.