Incidência de complicações pulmonares na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio / Incidence of pulmonary complications in myocardial revascularization / Incidencia de complicaciones pulmonares en la cirugía de revascularización del miocardio

FUNDAMENTO: No período do peri-operatório, os cuidados têm sido cada vez mais criteriosos, entretanto, as complicações pulmonares após a abordagem cirúrgica ainda são frequentes, predispondo o paciente a um maior tempo de internação ou ao óbito. OBJETIVO: Descrever a incidência de complicações pulmonares e identificar a sua associação com tempos de circulação extracorpórea (CEC); cirurgia e isquemia; número de enxertos; localização e tempo de drenos após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). MÉTODOS: Nesta coorte contemporânea, foram estudados 202 pacientes em hospital universitário de referência para cardiologia no sul do Brasil, submetidos à CRM eletiva com ponte safena e artéria mamária interna com CEC, no período de abril/2006 a novembro/2007. Os desfechos considerados foram: tempo de ventilação mecânica; surgimento de pneumonia; atelectasia; derrame pleural; hora da retirada e localização dos drenos; e tempo de internação. RESULTADOS: Observou-se algum tipo de complicação pulmonar em 90 dos 202 pacientes. A frequência de derrame pleural foi de 84 por cento e a de atelectasia foi de 65 por cento. Apresentaram associação com complicações pulmonares os tempos de CEC (p = 0,003), cirúrgico (p = 0,040) e isquemia (p = 0,001); o tempo de permanência de drenos (p = 0,050) e a localização pleural dos drenos (p = 0,033), além de idade (p = 0,001), fração de ejeção (p = 0,010), diagnóstico de asma (p = 0,047) e exame radiológico de tórax pré-operatório anormal (p = 0,029). CONCLUSÃO: Variáveis relacionadas à complexidade do ato cirúrgico e comorbidades pré-existentes estão associadas a uma alta incidência de complicações pulmonares no pós-operatório. Esses dados reforçam a importância da avaliação clínica peri-operatória para detecção precoce de complicação respiratória após CRM.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasingly careful attempts to reduce perioperative risks, pulmonary complications following surgery are still very common, leading to longer length of hospital stays or death. OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence of pulmonary complications and identify their association with duration of extracorporeal circulation (ECC), surgery and ischemia, number of bypass grafts performed, location of drains and length of drainage following myocardial revascularization (MRV). METHODS: This contemporaneous cohort consisted of 202 patients undergoing elective myocardial revascularization (MRV) with saphenous vein graft and internal mammary artery graft and ECC, at a referral university cardiology hospital in Southern Brazil, from April 2006 to November 2007. The following outcomes were analyzed: duration of mechanical ventilation; pneumonia onset; atelectasis; pleural effusion; location of drains and time of removal; and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Of the 202 patients, 90 developed some sort of pulmonary complication. The incidence of pleural effusion was 84 percent, whereas atelectasis was 65 percent. The following variables were associated with pulmonary complications: duration of ECC (p = 0.003), surgery (p = 0.040) and ischemia (p = 0.001); length of drainage (p = 0.050) and location of pleural drains (p = 0.033); age (p = 0.001); ejection fraction (p = 0.010); diagnosis of asthma (p = 0.047) and preoperative abnormal chest X-ray findings (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Variables related to the complexity of the surgery and preexisting comorbidities are associated with a high incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications. These data reinforce the importance of having patients undergo perioperative clinical assessment to detect early respiratory complications after MRV.

FUNDAMENTO: En el período del peri-operatorio, los cuidados han sido cada vez más criteriosos, entre tanto, las complicaciones pulmonares después del abordaje quirúrgico aun son frecuentes, predisponiendo al paciente a un mayor tiempo de internación o al óbito. OBJETIVO: Describir la incidencia de complicaciones pulmonares y identificar su asociación con tiempos de circulación extracorporal (CEC); cirugía e isquemia; número de injertos; localización y tiempo de drenajes después de cirugía de revascularización del miocardio (CRM). MÉTODOS: En esta cohorte contemporánea, fueron estudiados 202 pacientes en hospital universitario de referencia para cardiología en el sur del Brasil, sometidos a la CRM electiva con puente safena y arteria mamaria interna con CEC, en el período de abril/2006 a noviembre/2007. Los desenlaces considerados fueron: tiempo de ventilación mecánica; surgimiento de neumonía; atelectasia; derrame pleural; hora de la retirada y localización de los drenajes; y tiempo de internación. RESULTADOS: Se observó algún tipo de complicación pulmonar en 90 de los 202 pacientes. La frecuencia de derrame pleural fue de 84 por ciento y la de atelectasia fue de 65 por ciento. Presentaron asociación con complicaciones pulmonares los tiempos de CEC (p = 0,003), quirúrgico (p = 0,040)e isquemia (p = 0,001); el tiempo de permanencia de drenajes (p = 0,050) y la localización pleural de los drenajes (p = 0,033), además de edad (p = 0,001), fracción de eyección (p = 0,010), diagnóstico de asma (p = 0,047) y examen radiológico de tórax pre-operatorio anormal (p = 0,029). CONCLUSIÓN: Variables relacionadas a la complejidad del acto quirúrgico y comorbilidades pre-existentes están asociadas a una alta incidencia de complicaciones pulmonares en el post-operatorio. Esos datos refuerzan la importancia de la evaluación clínica peri-operatoria para detección precoz de complicación respiratoria después de CRM.

[Incidence of pulmonary complications in myocardial revascularization]. / Incidência de complicações pulmonares na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio.

BACKGROUND: despite the increasingly careful attempts to reduce perioperative risks, pulmonary complications following surgery are still very common, leading to longer length of hospital stays or death. OBJECTIVE: to describe the incidence of pulmonary complications and identify their association with duration of extracorporeal circulation (ECC), surgery and ischemia, number of bypass grafts performed, location of drains and length of drainage following myocardial revascularization (MRV). METHODS: this contemporaneous cohort consisted of 202 patients undergoing elective myocardial revascularization (MRV) with saphenous vein graft and internal mammary artery graft and ECC, at a referral university cardiology hospital in Southern Brazil, from April 2006 to November 2007. The following outcomes were analyzed: duration of mechanical ventilation; pneumonia onset; atelectasis; pleural effusion; location of drains and time of removal; and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: of the 202 patients, 90 developed some sort of pulmonary complication. The incidence of pleural effusion was 84%, whereas atelectasis was 65%. The following variables were associated with pulmonary complications: duration of ECC (p = 0.003), surgery (p = 0.040) and ischemia (p = 0.001); length of drainage (p = 0.050) and location of pleural drains (p = 0.033); age (p = 0.001); ejection fraction (p = 0.010); diagnosis of asthma (p = 0.047) and preoperative abnormal chest X-ray findings (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: variables related to the complexity of the surgery and preexisting comorbidities are associated with a high incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications. These data reinforce the importance of having patients undergo perioperative clinical assessment to detect early respiratory complications after MRV.

Ventilatory profile of patients undergoing CABG surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ventilatory, radiological and clinical profile of patients undergoing elective CABG in a cardiology reference hospital in South Brazil. METHODS: This study included 108 patients undergoing elective CABG surgery, in the period between April 2006 and February 2007 at the Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (IC-FUC). The surgical procedure involved median sternotomy, and the saphenous vein and/or internal mammary artery were used for grafting. Lung volume and capacity, as well as the possible existence of ventilatory changes, were assessed by spirometry, and the ventilatory muscle strength was assessed using a vaccum manometer. All evaluations were performed on the preoperative period and on the sixth postoperative day. RESULTS: Preoperative levels of FEV1 and FVC were significantly reduced on the 6th postoperative day (P<0.001) when compared to the preoperative levels. A significant decrease of ventilatory muscle strength, expressed as maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), was also observed from the pre- to the sixth postoperative day (P<0.001). Pulmonary events were more frequent on the 6th postoperative day (78%) than on the 1st postoperative day (40%). CONCLUSION: Patients undergone CABG surgery present important reduction in pulmonary volume and capacity, as well as on the ventilatory muscle strength during the postoperative period.