[Relations between people and public space: Reflections on transformations, normative uses, reductions, and contradictions of public space during the pandemic]. / Las relaciones personas-espacio público: Reflexiones sobre transformaciones, usos normativos, reducciones y contradicciones del espacio público en pandemia.

Based on the spatial aspect of human beings and the social production of spaces and places, and considering that the social and health crisis associated with COVID-19 led to changes in spaces as well as restrictions and greater regulations regarding their use and social interactions, this article develops a theoretical discussion on the relationship between people and public space in the context of Colombia. This reflection is developed around four themes: the transformations of public spatiality as materiality; the normative uses of public space as a way of surveillance and control of society; the lessening of the world to proximal spatial scales and the consequent transformations in the relationalities with and in public spaces; and the contradictions and inequities of public space, expressed in the unequal distribution of spatial forms of living the pandemic. These aspects lead us to consider the relevance of highlighting the experiential sense of public spaces, from the analysis of new relationalities and social networks that take place there.

Sobre la base del carácter espacial de los seres humanos y de la producción social de espacios y lugares, y considerando que la crisis sociosanitaria asociada al covid-19 derivó en cambios en y de los espacios, y en restricciones y mayores regulaciones de los usos espaciales y de las interacciones sociales, este artículo propone una reflexión teórica que aborda las restricciones pandémicas y la relación de las personas con el espacio público en el caso de Colombia. Tal reflexión es desarrollada en torno a cuatro vías de análisis: las transformaciones de la espacialidad pública en tanto materialidad; los usos normativos del espacio público como forma de vigilancia y control de los cuerpos; la reducción del mundo a escalas proximales del lugar y las consecuentes transformaciones en las relacionalidades con y en el espacio público; y, las contradicciones e inequidades del espacio público, expresadas en la distribución desigual de las formas espaciales de vivir la pandemia. Estos aspectos nos llevan a considerar la relevancia de rescatar el sentido vivencial de los espacios públicos, a partir del análisis de nuevas relacionalidades y redes sociales que allí tienen lugar.

Increased Improvement in Speech-Language Skills After Transcranial Photobiomodulation Plus Speech-Language Therapy, Compared to Speech-Language Therapy Alone: Case Report with Aphasia.

Objective: This is a case report showing that transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) combined with traditional, speech-language therapy improved and accelerated the results from speech-language therapy, in a stroke person with aphasia (PWA). Background: tPBM is a safe, noninvasive technique using red and near-infrared light to improve the metabolism of cells. tPBM helps by promoting neuromodulation, while decreasing neuroinflammation and promoting vasodilation. Several studies have shown that tPBM can help individuals with stroke or traumatic brain injury achieve significant cognitive improvements. Methods: A 38-year-old female, who sustained an ischemic stroke on the left side of the brain, received two, 5-month series of treatments. The first series of treatments included traditional speech-language therapy, for the first 5 months poststroke. The second series of treatments included tPBM in combination with speech-language therapy, for the next 5 months. The tPBM treatments included application of red (630 and 660 nm) and near-infrared (850 nm) wavelengths of photons applied to left hemisphere scalp areas. The major cortical language areas were subjacent to the scalp placements along the line of the Sylvian fissure. At each session, first a light-emitting diode (LED) cluster head with red (630 and 660 nm) and near-infrared (850 nm) wavelengths, with an irradiance (power density) of 200 mW/cm2, a beam size of 4.9 cm2, and a fluence (energy density) of 12 J/cm2 per minute, was applied to the left side of the scalp/brain, along the Sylvian fissure for 60 sec at each at the following eight, language network target areas: frontal pole, prefrontal cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area); supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus in the parietal lobe; inferior motor/sensory cortex (mouth area); and posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area) and superior temporal sulcus in the temporal lobe, for a total of 8 min. Second, for the next 20 min (1200 sec), simultaneous with speech-language therapy, an LED PBM helmet was applied to the scalp/head. This helmet contained 256 separate LED lights, near-infrared (810 nm) wavelength, 60 mW power per LED light, total power, 15 W; energy, 72 Joules; fluence, 28.8 J/cm2; and irradiance, 24 mW/cm2. Results and conclusions: During the initial, 5-month treatment series with traditional speech-language therapy only, there was little to no improvement in dysarthria and expressive language. During the second, 5-month treatment series, however, with tPBM applied first, to the left hemisphere only, and second, to both hemispheres during each session plus simultaneous speech-language therapy, there was marked improvement in the dysarthria and expressive language. After the first 5-month series, this PWA had utilized a slow rate of speech with a production of ∼25 to 30 words-per-minute during conversations and spontaneous speech. Utterance length was only 4-6 words with simple, grammatical structure. After the second, 5-month series of treatment combining tPBM plus speech-language therapy, the rate of speech increased to 80+ words-per-minute and utterance length was increased to 9-10 words, with more complex grammatical structure.

Las relaciones personas-espacio público: Reflexiones sobre transformaciones, usos normativos, reducciones y contradicciones del espacio público en pandemia / Relations between people and public space: Reflections on transformations, normative uses, reductions, and contradictions of public space during the pandemic

RESUMEN Sobre la base del carácter espacial de los seres humanos y de la producción social de espacios y lugares, y considerando que la crisis sociosanitaria asociada al covid-19 derivó en cambios en y de los espacios, y en restricciones y mayores regulaciones de los usos espaciales y de las interacciones sociales, este artículo propone una reflexión teórica que aborda las restricciones pandémicas y la relación de las personas con el espacio público en el caso de Colombia. Tal reflexión es desarrollada en torno a cuatro vías de análisis: las transformaciones de la espacialidad pública en tanto materialidad; los usos normativos del espacio público como forma de vigilancia y control de los cuerpos; la reducción del mundo a escalas proximales del lugar y las consecuentes transformaciones en las relacionalidades con y en el espacio público; y, las contradicciones e inequidades del espacio público, expresadas en la distribución desigual de las formas espaciales de vivir la pandemia. Estos aspectos nos llevan a considerar la relevancia de rescatar el sentido vivencial de los espacios públicos, a partir del análisis de nuevas relacionalidades y redes sociales que allí tienen lugar..

ABSTRACT Based on the spatial aspect of human beings and the social production of spaces and places, and considering that the social and health crisis associated with COVID-19 led to changes in spaces as well as restrictions and greater regulations regarding their use and social interactions, this article develops a theoretical discussion on the relationship between people and public space in the context of Colombia. This reflection is developed around four themes: the transformations of public spatiality as materiality; the normative uses of public space as a way of surveillance and control of society; the lessening of the world to proximal spatial scales and the consequent transformations in the relationalities with and in public spaces; and the contradictions and inequities of public space, expressed in the unequal distribution of spatial forms of living the pandemic. These aspects lead us to consider the relevance of highlighting the experiential sense of public spaces, from the analysis of new relationalities and social networks that take place there.

Aprovechamiento de cromo eliminado en aguas residuales de curtiembres (San Benito, Bogotá), mediante tratamiento con sulfato de sodio / Chromium rcovereed and re-sed from tannery residual water (located in sann benito, bogotá), by treatment with sodyum sulphate

El proceso de curtido consiste en transformar la piel de ganado vacuno u otros animales, en cuero, mediante la aplicación de taninos que son sustancias de origen vegetal, o también de cromo. Este elemento es un contaminante cuya concentración máxima permisible en vertimientos industriales es de 1 mg/L, según la Resolución 1074 de 1997 del Departamento Administrativo de Medio Ambiente (DAMA), para el Distrito Capital, por la cual se establecen estándares ambientales en materia de vertimientos. Se evaluó la factibilidad técnica para recuperar y reutilizar cromo de las aguas residuales del proceso de curtido de una curtiembre en San Benito (Bogotá), precipitándolo con soda cáustica 4 M y regenerándolo con sulfato de sodio y ácido fórmico grado industrial en reemplazo de ácido sulfúrico, regulado por estupefacientes, para reutilizar la sal de cromo en el mismo proceso de curtido. Su implementación minimiza contaminación de aguas con cromo y disminuye costos de producción. Se redujo el contenido de cromo del agua residual del proceso de curtido en 99,9% desde concentraciones promedio de 2.475 mg/L hasta niveles inferiores a 1,0 mg/L, permitiendo reutilización del agua para lavado de pieles saladas que ingresan al proceso, después de tratamiento con hidroxicloruro de aluminio e hipoclorito de sodio, disminuyendo significativamente su consumo. Se determinó la calidad del cuero obtenido mediante pruebas de encogimiento y resistencia a la flexión. Los procesos de reutilización de materiales producidos como desecho en procesos de curtiembres son fundamentales en la sostenibilidad ambiental de estas industrias.

The tan processes consist in the transformation of cattle or other animal skin in leather through the application of tannins which are substances from vegetal origin, or also with chromium. This element is a pollutant which maximum allowed concentration from industrial disposal is 1 mg/L, under Resolution 1074 of 1997 from the Administrative Department of the Environment (ADE) for the Capital District which establishes environmental standards on dumping. Technical feasibility for chrome recovery and reuse of wastewater from the tanning process in a tannery in San Benito (Bogotá) was evaluated, accelerating it with 4 M caustic soda and regenerating it with sodium sulfate and formic acid (industrial grade) in place of sulfuric acid, regulated by drugs, to reuse the chromium salt in the tanning process. Its implementation minimizes water pollution with chromium and decreases production costs. Chromium content of residual water in the tanning process decreased 99.9% from average concentrations of 2,475 mg / L to levels below 1,0 mg/L, allowing reuse water for salted skins wash that start the process after treatment with aluminum chloride hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite, reducing its consumption significantly. The quality of leather obtained was determined by shrinkage tests and bending strength. Processes of materials produced reuse as waste in tan processes are fundamental to the environmental sustainability of these industries.

Efectos logrados en el conocimiento sobre la sexualidad en los alumnos de 10 a 15 anos despues de recibir instruccion / Effects obtained in knowledge on sexuality of school students 10 to 15 years old after they have been instructed

La investigacion realizada en las concentraciones escolares el Cortijo y Santa Librada, estuvo orientada a evaluar el conocimiento sobre aspectos de sexualidad, de una muestra representada por ninos de ambos sexos de 10 a 15 anos de edad que cursan cuarto y quinto de primaria. Se escogio aleatoriamente como grupo experimental un grupo de ninos de la concentracion Santa Librada y como grupo control a un grupo de ninos de la concentracion el Cortijo, procediendose a aplicar un cuestionario a los dos grupos antes y despues del cursillo de instruccion, midiendose la repercusion o incidencia en el aumento de los conocimientos, asi como la inferencia que se puede deducir de este estudio hacia grupos poblacionales en circunstancias similares..