Nutritional Status and Functional Outcomes in Older Adults Admitted to Geriatric Rehabilitations: The SAFARI Study.

Objective: Evidence about the role of nutritional status (NS) on functional outcomes (FO) after rehabilitation in older adults is scarce. Our aim was to analyze the association between NS and FO in older adults admitted to geriatric rehabilitation units. Methods: The Sarcopenia And Function in Aging Rehabilitation (SAFARI) multicenter study enrolled patients aged ≥65 years admitted to geriatric rehabilitation units in Italy and Spain. FO were absolute and relative functional gain (AFG-RFG) in Barthel Index (BI) at 1 and 3 months after admission. The association between NS (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form) and FO was explored using linear regression and mixed models, adjusted for potential confounders. Analyses were then stratified for diagnosis at admission. Results: We included 415 patients (mean age 81.4 years [SD: 7.7]; 67% female; 9.4% malnourished [MN], 42.7% at risk of malnutrition [RM], and 48% well nourished [WN]). Admission diagnoses were hip fracture (39.5%), elective orthopedic surgery (EOS) (29.5%), and stroke (31%). In an adjusted linear mixed model, MN and RM participants had lower BI compared to WN (MN: ß: -8.47, p = 0.023; RM: ß: -5.22, p = 0.031), and differences between groups remained stable over time. After stratification for admission diagnosis, only MN patients admitted after EOS had worse FO, both at 30 days (AFG: ß adjusted: -13.54, p < 0.001; RFG: ß: -32, p < 0.001) and 3 months (AFG: ß adjusted: -17.79, p < 0.001; RFG: ß: -26.77, p = 0.002). Conclusions: In our sample, poor NS is associated with worse BI in older adults admitted to geriatric rehabilitation units; in patients undergoing EOS, MN is associated with worse FO. Our results documented for the first time the importance of assessing nutritional status before EOS.

Body Mass Index is Strongly Associated with Hypertension: Results from the Longevity Check-up 7+ Study.

The present study was undertaken to provide a better insight into the relationship between different levels of body mass index (BMI) and changing risk for hypertension, using an unselected sample of participants assessed during the Longevity Check-up 7+ (Lookup7+) project. Lookup7+ is an ongoing cross-sectional survey started in June 2015 and conducted in unconventional settings (i.e., exhibitions, malls, and health promotion campaigns) across Italy. Candidate participants are eligible for enrolment if they are at least 18 years of age and provide written informed consent. Specific health metrics are assessed through a brief questionnaire and direct measurement of standing height, body weight, blood glucose, total blood cholesterol, and blood pressure. The present analyses were conducted in 7907 community-living adults. According to the BMI cutoffs recommended by the World Health Organization, overweight status was observed among 2896 (38%) participants; the obesity status was identified in 1135 participants (15%), with 893 (11.8%) participants in class I, 186 (2.5%) in class II, and 56 (0.7%) in class III. Among enrollees with a normal BMI, the prevalence of hypertension was 45% compared with 67% among overweight participants, 79% in obesity class I and II, and up to 87% among participants with obesity class III (p for trend < 0.001). After adjusting for age, significantly different distributions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure across BMI levels were consistent. Overall, the average systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly and linearly across BMI levels. In conclusion, we found a gradient of increasing blood pressure with higher levels of BMI. The fact that this gradient is present even in the fully adjusted analyses suggests that BMI may cause a direct effect on blood pressure, independent of other clinical risk factors.

Relationship between cardiovascular health metrics and physical performance in community-living people: Results from the Longevity check-up (Lookup) 7+ project.

Cardiovascular health metrics (CHMs) may predict disability independent of vascular events. Though, the link between CHMs and physical performance is unclear. This relationship was explored using data from the Longevity check-up (Lookup) 7+ project. Lookup 7+ is an ongoing cross-sectional survey conducted in unconventional settings across Italy. People who are at least 18-year-old and provide written informed consent are eligible. CHMs [i.e., smoking status, healthy diet, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and diabetes status] are assessed through closed questions and objective measurements. Physical performance is measured via the 5-repetition chair-stand test. Analyses included 7446 participants (55.5 ± 14.9 years; 56% women). Physical performance positively correlated with CHMs scores, such that participants who scored higher (6-7 points) completed the chair-stand test about 2 s faster than those scoring lower (1-2 points). In fully adjusted analysis, better physical performance was more frequently observed in younger, non-smoking, physically active men, with ideal BMI, and no diabetes. Our findings indicate a gradient of better physical function with increasing CHMs scores. Future investigations should establish the longitudinal effect of unhealthy behaviours and cardiovascular risk factors on physical performance and verify whether implementation of large-scale primordial cardiovascular prevention may positively impact physical fitness.

Prevalence of dyslipidaemia and awareness of blood cholesterol levels among community-living people: results from the Longevity check-up 7+ (Lookup 7+) cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of abnormal cholesterol levels and to explore awareness of cholesterol values in an unselected sample of community-living adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Exhibitions, malls and health promotion campaigns across Italy. PARTICIPANTS: 3535 community dwellers aged 18-98 years were enrolled between September 2016 and June 2017. Analyses were conducted in 3040 participants, after excluding 495 enrolees on cholesterol-lowering medications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total blood cholesterol levels and awareness of cholesterol values. RESULTS: Abnormal blood cholesterol values were found in 1961 (64.5%) of participants with no differences between genders (p=0.06). Among those who believed they had normal cholesterol levels, only 48% had values below 200 mg/dL. More than 40% had cholesterol values between 200 and 240 mg/dL, and around 10% had values >240 mg/dL. More than one-third of participants had not measured cholesterol in the last year. Among them, only 36% had normal cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal blood cholesterol is highly prevalent in our sample of Italian community dwellers, with less than half of participants being aware of their cholesterol levels.

Cardiovascular health metrics, muscle mass and function among Italian community-dwellers: the Lookup 7+ project.

Background: Primordial prevention is essential for promoting cardiovascular health and longevity through the so-called seven cardiovascular health metrics (CHMs) (i.e. smoking, body mass index, diet, physical activity, blood pressure, blood glucose and total cholesterol). Measures of muscle mass and function are recognized as powerful predictors of health-related events and survival. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and distribution of the seven CHMs and measures of muscle mass and function in an unselected cohort of community-dwellers. Methods: The Longevity check-up 7+ (Lookup 7+) project is an ongoing cross-sectional survey conducted in unconventional settings (e.g. exhibitions, malls and health promotion campaigns) across Italy. CHMs are assessed through a brief questionnaire and by measurement of standing height, body weight, blood glucose, blood cholesterol and blood pressure. Muscle mass is estimated from calf circumference, whereas muscle strength and function are measured via handgrip strength and chair-stand testing, respectively. Results Analyses were conducted in 6323 community-living adults (mean age: 54 ± 15 years, 57% women) recruited between 1 June 2015 and 30 June 2017. Participants presented on average 4.3 ± 1.3 ideal CHMs, which decreased with age. Only 19.5% of participants met >5 ideal metrics, while 8.3% met <3. All seven ideal metrics were met by 4.7% of enrollees. Muscle mass, strength and function declined progressively with age, starting at 45-50 years. Conclusion Our population showed suboptimal CHMs scores, with very low prevalence of all ideal metrics. The number of ideal metrics decreased progressively with age and so did muscle mass and function.

Sarcopenia: An Overview on Current Definitions, Diagnosis and Treatment.

Sarcopenia, the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength/function associated with aging, increases the risk of a vast array of adverse health outcomes, including falls, morbidity, loss of independence, disability, and mortality. As such, sarcopenia poses a huge socioeconomic burden in developed countries. The development and implementation of effective interventions against sarcopenia are therefore a public health priority. A preliminary, fundamental step in such a process entails the agreement of researchers, healthcare professionals and policymakers around a unique operational definition of sarcopenia. This will facilitate the framing of a clear clinical entity to be incorporated in standard practice, the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, and the identification of biological targets for drug development.

[Group-based rehabilitative interventions in the Department of Mental Health of Viterbo, Italy]. / Interventi riabilitativi di gruppo nel Dipartimento di Salute Mentale di Viterbo.

Standard treatment provided by mental health services, mainly based on drug therapy and individual sessions, does not help patients to enhance their capacity to prevent and manage crises. AIM: This paper aims at examining the effectiveness of four group-based rehabilitative interventions carried out in the Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Ward and in the Department of Mental Health of Viterbo, Italy. METHODS: The effectiveness of the four group-based interventions on patients and their relatives was evaluated in both inpatient and outpatient settings in terms of clinical efficacy, disease awareness, quality of life, and ability to cope with stress. A set of specific assessment tools was used for the purpose. RESULTS: Group-based interventions showed high level of effectiveness in improving patients' insight, clinical stability, quality of life and satisfaction in using the services, and in enhancing family members' ability to manage stress. CONCLUSIONS: Group-based rehabilitative interventions enable mental health services to provide users with additional treatment options complementary to drug therapy, improving the quality of life of patients and their families in a recovery-oriented perspective.

Age-Related Variations of Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Community-Dwellers: Results From the Milan EXPO Survey.

OBJECTIVES: Declining muscle mass and function are hallmarks of the aging process. The preservation of muscle trophism may protect against various negative health outcomes. Age- and sex-specific curves of muscle mass, strength, and function, using data from a large sample of community-dwelling people, are necessary. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two surveys (Longevity Check-up and Very Important Protein [VIP]), conducted during EXPO 2015 in Milan, consisted of a population assessment aimed at evaluating the prevalence of specific health metrics in subjects outside of a research setting (n = 3206), with a special focus on muscle mass, strength, and function. Muscle mass was estimated by using mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and calf circumference of the dominant side. Muscle strength and function were assessed through handgrip strength testing and repeated chair stand test, respectively. RESULTS: The mean age of 3206 participants in the Longevity Check-up and VIP surveys was 51.9 years (SD 15.6, range 18-98 years), and 1694 (52.8%) were women. Cross-sectional inspection suggests that both calf circumference and MAMC decline nonlinearly with age and the rate of decline varies by gender. These measures are stable until 50 years and then begin to decrease slightly with age, with the effect being more evident in men than in women. The main effect of the age category was observed in muscle strength and physical performance parameters. Muscle strength declined significantly after 45 years of age, both in men and women (P < .001). The muscle quality of the upper extremities, defined as handgrip strength divided by MAMC, declined significantly with aging, as well (P < .001). The time to complete the chair stand test was similar from 18 years to 40 to 44 years, and then a linear decline in performing the test across age groups was observed, with an increased time of more than 3 seconds, both in men and women (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Muscle mass and strength curves may be used to extract reference values for subsequent use in research as well as in the clinical setting. In particular, the analyses of trajectories of muscle parameters may help identify cutoffs for the estimation of risk of adverse events.

Protein Intake and Muscle Health in Old Age: From Biological Plausibility to Clinical Evidence.

The provision of sufficient amounts of dietary proteins is central to muscle health as it ensures the supply of essential amino acids and stimulates protein synthesis. Older persons, in particular, are at high risk of insufficient protein ingestion. Furthermore, the current recommended dietary allowance for protein (0.8 g/kg/day) might be inadequate for maintaining muscle health in older adults, probably as a consequence of "anabolic resistance" in aged muscle. Older individuals therefore need to ingest a greater quantity of protein to maintain muscle function. The quality of protein ingested is also essential to promoting muscle health. Given the role of leucine as the master dietary regulator of muscle protein turnover, the ingestion of protein sources enriched with this essential amino acid, or its metabolite ß-hydroxy ß-methylbutyrate, is thought to offer the greatest benefit in terms of preservation of muscle mass and function in old age.

Anorexia of Aging: Risk Factors, Consequences, and Potential Treatments.

Older people frequently fail to ingest adequate amount of food to meet their essential energy and nutrient requirements. Anorexia of aging, defined by decrease in appetite and/or food intake in old age, is a major contributing factor to under-nutrition and adverse health outcomes in the geriatric population. This disorder is indeed highly prevalent and is recognized as an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in different clinical settings. Even though anorexia is not an unavoidable consequence of aging, advancing age often promotes its development through various mechanisms. Age-related changes in life-style, disease conditions, as well as social and environmental factors have the potential to directly affect dietary behaviors and nutritional status. In spite of their importance, problems related to food intake and, more generally, nutritional status are seldom attended to in clinical practice. While this may be the result of an "ageist" approach, it should be acknowledged that simple interventions, such as oral nutritional supplementation or modified diets, could meaningfully improve the health status and quality of life of older persons.

Screening, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis: a brief review.

Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent condition characterized by decreases in bone mass and microarchitectural alterations. Bone fractures, especially of the hip and vertebrae, are the most burdensome complications of osteoporosis, being associated with high risk of disability, institutionalization and mortality. The detection of osteoporosis relies on the quantification of bone mineral density via imaging techniques such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. However, therapeutic decision-making should be based on a comprehensive fracture risk assessment, which may be obtained through validated algorithms. Once the decision of treating has been taken, non-pharmacological strategies should be implemented together with the prescription of anti-osteoporotic agents. Numerous drugs are currently available to treat osteoporosis and the choice of a specific compound should be guided by efficacy and safety considerations. The present review provides a concise synopsis of the current evidence in the management of osteoporosis, from screening to drug prescription. Novel anti-osteoporotic agents are also briefly presented.

Anorexia of aging: a modifiable risk factor for frailty.

Anorexia of aging, defined as a loss of appetite and/or reduced food intake, affects a significant number of elderly people and is far more prevalent among frail individuals. Anorexia recognizes a multifactorial origin characterized by various combinations of medical, environmental and social factors. Given the interconnection between weight loss, sarcopenia and frailty, anorexia is a powerful, independent predictor of poor quality of life, morbidity and mortality in older persons. One of the most important goals in the management of older, frail people is to optimize their nutritional status. To achieve this objective it is important to identify subjects at risk of anorexia and to provide multi-stimulus interventions that ensure an adequate amount of food to limit and/or reverse weight loss and functional decline. Here, we provide a brief overview on the relevance of anorexia in the context of sarcopenia and frailty. Major pathways supposedly involved in the pathogenesis of anorexia are also illustrated. Finally, the importance of treating anorexia to achieve health benefits in frail elders is highlighted.