Abo Blood Group, Atherothrombotic Comorbidities, and COVID-19: A Case-Control Study of their Association in the Mexican Population.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has been associated with negative results in patients with A blood group and with a better evolution in O blood group individuals. AIM: Because the evidence regarding ABO blood groups and COVID was empirically not that clear in our country, we tested the association regarding COVID-19 and blood groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Adult patients were enrolled in this prospective, case-control, observational multicenter study. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were assigned to one of three groups based on the clinical presentation of the infection. Age, gender, ABO and Rh blood groups, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus or high blood pressure, and smoking were recorded directly or from their clinical charts. ABO blood group was obtained from 5,000 blood donors (50% each gender). Atherothrombotic variables were compared with a nation-wide data collection. RESULTS: A total of 2,416 patients with COVID-19 were included (women:39.6%; men:60.4%). There were no significant differences between cases and controls in terms of age. O blood group was the most frequently found in healthy donors and COVID-19 patients, but this blood group was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients vs. healthy donors. ABO blood group was not associated with the final health status in COVID-19 patients. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and smoking were significantly more frequent among COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION: The proposed protective effect of the O blood group in COVID-19 patients could not be reproduced in the Mexican population while some atherothrombotic risk factors had a significant effect on the clinical evolution.

Imagen corporal y autoestima en niños según su estado nutricional y frecuencia de actividad física / Body image and self-esteem in children according to their nutritional status and frequency of physical activity

Physical activity plays an important role in child development. The purpose of this study was to compare body image, self-esteem, cardio-metabolic risk and physical performance of children by nutritional status and frequency of physical activity. We studied 208 children (115 men and 93 women) 11.9±1.2 years of age. Participants were divided by frequency of physical activity per week: Group 1 (n= 87) was not physically active; Group 2 (n= 64) was physically active 1 or 2 times per week; Group 3 (n= 57) was physically active 3 or 4 times a week. We observed that 51 children were overweight and 40 obese. Children who were physically active 3 or 4 times per week, were less concerned about their body image and had higher self-esteem scores (both p <0.05). These children also reported lower cardio-metabolic risk and better physical performance. We conclude that there are overall developmental benefits for children who are more physically active.

La actividad física juega un papel importante en el desarrollo de los niños. El propósito de este estudio fue comparar según estado nutricional y frecuencia de actividad física la imagen corporal, autoestima, riesgo cardio-metabólico y rendimiento físico de niños. Se estudió 208 niños de 11,9±1,2 años de edad, 115 hombres y 93 mujeres. Quedaron divididos según frecuencia de actividad física a la semana: El Grupo 1 (n= 87) no realizan; Grupo 2 (n= 64) realizan 1 o 2 veces/semana; Grupo 3 (n= 57), realizan 3 o 4 veces/semana. Se observó que 51 niños presentaron sobrepeso y 40 de ellos obesidad. Los niños que realizan 3 o 4 veces actividad física/semana, presentaron menor preocupación por su imagen corporal y puntajes superiores en autoestima, ambas con significancia estadística (p<0,05), además reportaron menor riesgo cardio-metabólico y mejor rendimiento físico. Se concluye que los niños con mayor frecuencia de actividad física/semana, evidencian beneficios en su desarrollo integral.

Efectos de un programa de ejercicio con sobrecarga en variables antropométricas de sujetos con disposición prediabética y ascendencia étnica / Effects of strength exercise program in anthropometric variables on pre-diabetic people with ethnic ancestry

Objetivos: determinar el efecto de un programa de terapia por ejercicio físico basado en entrenamiento con sobrecarga, sobre parámetros antropométricos en jóvenes sedentarios con sobrepeso y disposición a prediabetes. Método: se desarrolló un estudio cuasi experimental con una muestra aleatoria simple de 20 sujetos (n=20) con 20 años de edad (1,94±). Los participantes fueron distribuidos en dos grupos: experimental (GE; n=10) y control (GC; n=10). El GE fue sometido a 12 semanas de intervención, constituidas por tres sesiones de entrenamiento semanales y basadas en prescripción de ejercicio con sobrecarga centrado en los principales grupos musculares. La evaluación de la composición corporal se desarrolló a través los protocolos y formulas establecidas por la Internacional Society for the Avancement in Kineanthropometric (ISAK). Para el análisis se ha utilizado la prueba estadística de Shapiro-Wilks, para examinar distribución de los valores de masa grasa y masa muscular de forma previa y posterior al programa de ejercicio. Además del uso de la prueba de T de Student para la comparación intra e intergrupal pre y post intervención, adoptando una significación estadística de (p< 0,05). Resultados: después de 36 sesiones (12 semanas) de entrenamiento con sobrecarga el GE presentó una disminución significativa en su masa grasa (p=0,002) y un aumento significativo en su masa muscular (p=0,001). Conclusiones: la prescripción de terapia por ejercicio basada en entrenamiento de sobrecarga, disminuye de forma significativa el porcentaje de tejido adiposo y el aumento de masa muscular en jóvenes sedentarios con ascendencia étnica y disposición a pre diabetes.

Objectives: determine the effect of a therapy program based on strength exercise in the anthropometric parameters of sedentary youths overweight and with predisposition to pre-diabetes. Methods: was developed a quasi-experimental study with a simple random sample of 20 subjects (n= 20) 20 years (± 1.94). Participants were divided into two groups: experimental (EG, n = 10) and control (CG, n = 10). The GE underwent to 12 weeks of intervention across the strength exercise prescription, centered on the major muscle groups. The measurements of body composition were did with protocols and formulas established by the International Society for the Advancement in Kineanthropometric (ISAK). For the analysis are used the Shapiro-Wilks statistical test, to examine the distribution of the fat mass and muscle mass before to and after the exercise program. Also was realized the T Student test for intra and intergroup comparison prior and post the intervention, adopting a statistical significance of (p < 0.05). Results: after of 36 sessions (12 weeks) of strength train, the EG present a significative decrease in fat mass (P=0.0002) and significant increase in muscle mass (p=0.001). Conclusions: the prescription of exercise based in therapy of strength train, decreases significantly the percents of adipose tissue and increment the muscle mass in sedentary youths with deposition to pre-diabetes and ethnic ascendancy.