Comparison of influenza outbreaks in the Republic of Kazakhstan and Russia induced by 2009 yearly new variant of A(H1N1) influenza virus.

The aim of the work is the comparison of the epidemiology of influenza and acute respiratory virus infections (ARVI) in the Republic of Kazakhstan with the corresponding influenza epidemic in Russia induced by influenza pandemic virus A/California/07/2009 in 2009. Data on influenza and ARVI from the Republic of Kazakhstan and Federal Center of influenza was collected and investigated over the course of several weeks from hospitalized patients with the same diagnosis among all population and in age groups on 16 territories of Kazakhstan and in 49 major cities of Russia. The epidemic in Kazakhstan resembled the Russian epidemic in terms of its abnormally early beginning, expression of monoaetiology, the spread of the epidemic into all territories and start of the epidemics among adult population. High percentage of hospitalized people and lethal outcome were registered in this epidemic. Similarity of epidemic process character in corresponding border-line territories of both countries was found out.

[Genetic monitoring of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan in 2001-2003].

Blood specimens obtained from 32 CCHF patients were tested for the presence of CCHF virus markers. In addition, 3210 ticks of the genera Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma anatolicum, and Dermacentor niveus were examined to identify the CCHF virus antigen and RNA. This material was obtained during the 2001-2003 local outbreaks of CCHF in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. The nucleotide sequence in the region 983-1282 of S segment of the CCHF virus for 12 wild type strains was determined. The phylogenetic relationships among the established biovariants of CCHF virus, and also between these biovariants and those from other regions of the world were identified. We were the first to demonstrate the presence of an African-like genotype of CCHF virus in the territory of Kazakhstan. The conclusion was made that two genotypes of CCHF virus were in circulation in Kazakhstan. It was also demonstrated that CCHF virus, circulating in the territories of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, was genetically heterogeneous.

[ELISA and RT-PCR-based research of viruses in the ticks collected in the foci of Crimean-Congo fever in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan in 2001-2002].

Different species of ticks were found, in the territories of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, to be infected with the virus of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CKHF). The virologic evaluation included determination of antigen and RNA of the CKHF virus by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. The below tick species were found to be involved in the epidemic process: Hyalomma asiaticum, Dermacentor niveus (Kazakhastan) and Hyalomma anatolicum (Tajikistan). The results testify to the fact that Hyalomma ticks are the main carrier of the above virus in the Middle Asia. At the same time, Dermacentor niveus ticks are infection carriers in Kazakhstan.

[Study of virus contamination of Ixodes ticks in the foci of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan].

The data on the contamination of different of ticks with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus on the territory of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan were obtained. The methods of the evaluation of the virus contamination of ticks included the determination of the antigen and CCHF virus RNA by the methods of the enzyme immunoassay and the reverse transcription PCR respectively. Different tick species were found to be involved in the epidemic process: Hyalomma asiaticum, Dermatocentor niveus (Kazakhstan) and Hyalomma anatolicum (Tajikistan). The results obtained in this study confirmed that the main vector of CCHF virus in Central Asia were ticks of the genus Hyalomma, and in Kazakhstan the vectors of this virus also included ticks Dermatocentor niveus.

[Genetic identification of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus during epidemic outbreak in Kazakhstan in 2000]. / Geneticheskaia identifikatsiia virusa Krymskoi-Kongo gemorragicheskoi likhoradki vo vremia épidemicheskoi vspyshki v Kazakhstane v 2000 g.

Sera samples from patients suspected of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) taken during epidemic outbreak at the territory of Sarysusky and Moiynkumsky districts of the Zhambyl region in Kazakhstan, in 2000, were analysed by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing of virus genome fragments. Genome RNA of CCHF virus was found in 2 assays. Analysis of nucleotide sequences of fragments of S-segment of viral genome revealed in the Sarysusky districts circulation of CCHF virus, genetically resembled to close phylogenetically to CCHF virus strains from China.

[Therapeutic and preventive vaccination of persons bitten by wolves in the Aktiubinsk region]. / Lechebno-profilakticheskie privivki u liudei, ukushennykh volkami v Aktiubinsk oblasti.

A total of 46 cases of wolves attacking people were registered in the Aktyubinsk region during the period of 1972--1976. These attacks resulted in 1 person dying of wounds and 2 persons being infected with rabies. In more than a half of the wolves available for examination after the attack rabies was confirmed by laboratory investigation. All the victims of such attacks received antirabies gamma globulin (0.25--0.5 ml per kg body weight) and the maximum doses of rabies vaccine (daily injections of 5 ml for 25 days, then 2 more injections in the same dose 10 and 20 days later). No complications were observed after the injections. The vaccination schedule recommended for use in the USSR for the prophylaxis of rabies proved to be effective.