Analysis of Spanish vocational radiographers' education through clinical training and perceptions of core subject teachers: A survey.

INTRODUCTION: This work presents a prospective analysis of the key aspects involved in the Spanish radiographer's perception of the weaknesses of the current educational curriculum in terms of teaching staff's qualifications and composition in the clinical training and core subjects. The goal is to show clinical training and professional's perception of the teaching quality and to characterise the weakness detected within the context of the European radiographer's academic system. METHODS: The perception of the quality of the training received by the professionals was collected through an anonymous survey. A total of 758 valid responses were received, and were analysed to three hypotheses: the variability of the teachers' qualifications in the core subjects, the variability in terms of internships time carried out by the students, and assessment about teaching quality of the teachers. RESULTS: The results prove there is a huge variability and little academic affinity of the teachers' degrees with the core subjects. On the other hand, the results shows there is a scarcity of clinical training hours in Spain, especially compared to European standards. It was demonstrated that teachers with a specific radiographer degree obtained the best scores. CONCLUSION: It is mandatory to adjust the criteria for selecting clinical imaging teachers to improve the teaching quality in Spain and increase the clinical training period of the Spanish radiographers to match their European counterparts. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: Improving the training of Spanish radiographers will contribute to standardising the training quality of the whole European profession.

Determinación de infecciones urinarias en mujeres internas de penal San Roque Sucre 2019 / Determination of urinary infections in internal women of San Roque Penal Sucre 2019

La infección en las vías urinarias constituye una causa importante de morbilidad en el adulto y son particularmente frecuentes en el sexo femenino, donde las mujeres son más propensas a contraer una IU lo que facilita que los gérmenes del exterior lleguen hasta el sistema urinario por ejemplo las bacterias gram negativas y la Escherichia Coli tiene una elevada tendencia a recidivar y volverse resistente al uso de antimicrobianos, las IU constituye una de las 10 enfermedades más comunes en privados de libertad en Bolivia, debido a que no tienen una buena infraestructura, los servicios sanitarios no abastecen a los internos ya que no cuentan con una buena información y educación sobre IU ignorando los riesgos, complicaciones que puede causar. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia, los factores más frecuentes de IU en internas del penal San Roque. Se realizó el 10 de julio de 2019 un estudio observacional transversal en el que participaron todas las internas del penal de 22 a 72 años (n= 43). Para la determinación de infecciones urinarias, se entregó frascos recolectores para orina con previa indicación para la correcta recolección de la muestra. Posteriormente se realizó un examen general de orina (EGO) (examen físico, químico, microscópico) y tinción de Gram, como procedimiento final se hizo el cultivo para determinar el germen causante. En este estudio se trabajó con 43 mujeres, con el 100 % de la población de los cuales se obtuvo 11.62% dio positivo a IU, el 88.38% resulto negativo

Infection in the urinary tract is an important cause of morbidity in the adult and they are particularly frequent in the female sex, where women are more likely to get an UI, which makes it easier for germs from outside to reach the urinary system such as Gram-negative bacteria and Escherichia Coli have a high tendency to recur and become resistant to the use of antimicrobials, UTIs is one of the 10 most common diseases deprived of liberty in Bolivia, because they do not have a good infrastructure, health services they do not supply the inmates since they do not have good information and education about UI ignoring the risks, complications that can cause. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, the most frequent factors of UI in San Roque prison inmates. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on July 10, 2019, in which all inmates of the prison from 22 to 72 years old participated (n = 43). For the determination of urinary infections, urine collection bottles were delivered with prior indication for the correct collection of the sample. Subsequently, a general urine test (EGO) (physical, chemical, microscopic examination) and Gram stain was performed, as a final procedure the culture was done to determine the causative germ. In this study we worked with 43 women, with 100% of the population of which 11.62% were obtained, IU tested positive, 88.38% were negative.

The Cricotopus (Oliveiriella) (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the High Altitude Andean Streams, with Description of a New Species, C. (O.) rieradevallae.

The genus Oliveiriella (Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) was erected by Wiedenbrug & Fittkau (1997). The adults have characteristic black spots on their wings and other characteristics similar to the genus Cricotopus. Pupal skins are very characteristic with strong short spines in the anal lobe instead of setae, while larvae are distinguishable by the long anal papillae and the intense blue color of their body. However, Andersen et al (2013) consider Oliveiriella as a subgenera of Cricotopus. In this paper, using the sequences of the cox1 gene, we conclude that Oliveiriella should be considered a subgenus within Cricotopus, confirming its status in Andersen et al (2013). Furthermore, we describe Cricotopus (Oliveiriella) rieradevallae Prat & Paggi sp. n. from the Saltana river (Ecuador). The adult males, females, and preimaginal stages of the two species of subgenus Oliveiriella known from South America Cricotopus (O.) almeidai n. comb. from Peru, Brazil, and Argentina and Cricotopus (O.) sanjavieri n. comb. from Argentina are compared with those of Cricotopus (O.) rieradevallae sp. n. from Ecuador. The differences allow the distinction of the three species. The cox1 gene reveals that at least three different undescribed species of the same subgenus are present in the high-altitude tropical Andes. The morphology of the available pupae and pupal exuviae reveals the presence of several morphotypes that are candidates to be described as new species. A key used to distinguish these pupal morphotypes is provided, including the three described species. Additionally, the distribution of the subgenus is discussed.

Epidemiología de la infección asociada a catéter venoso central / Epidemiology of infections of central venous catheters

Objetive: To identify the frequency of infections related to Central Cenous Catheters (CVC)in children and determine if the colonization of the line predicts infection. Patients and Methods. A longitudinal descriptive study of 109 CVC. Colonization was detected at the entry point and connection points of the lines with a semi quantitative method. Definitions were made according to CDC (Atlanta) Criteria. Results: The incidence of infection into the blood stream was 11 percent, density of incidence 9/1000 days/ catheter. Risk factors were identified: a) surgery (RR 4,2 IC95 percent 1,5-11,7), b) ostomies (RR 4,0 IC95 percent 1,4-11,4), and c) colonization in line connections (RR 3,9 IC95 percent 1,2-12,3). Agents identified were Staphylococcus coagulasa (-) 83,4 percent and Candida albicans 16,6 percent. Incidence of local infection was 5,5 percent. Sensitivity, specificity and (+) predictive value of cultures of cultures and connections were very low. Conclusions: In this experience, the incidence of infection associated to peripheral lines was quite high. Colonization of insertion and connections does not predict infection. The implementation of Bundle is recommended to prevent these infections.

Objetivo: Identificar frecuencia de infecciones relacionadas con catéter venoso central en niños y determinar si la colonización del catéter predice la infección. Pacientes y Métodos: Se hizo un estudio descriptivo longitudinal en 109 catéteres venosos centrales; se detectó colonización en sitio de entrada y conexiones de los catéteres con método semicuantitativo. Las definiciones se realizaron con los criterios de los Centros de Control de Enfermedades de Atlanta. Resultados: La Incidencia de infección del torrente sanguíneo fue 11 por ciento, la densidad de incidencia 9/1000 días/ catéter; se identificaron como factores de riesgo la cirugía (RR 4,2 IC95 por ciento 1,5-11,7), las ostomías (RR 4,0 IC95 por ciento 1,4-11,4) y la colonización en conexiones del catéter (RR 3,9 IC95 por ciento 1,2-12,3); fueron provocadas por Staphylococcus coagulasa (-) 83,4 por ciento y Candida albicans 16,6 por ciento. La incidencia de infección local fue de 5,5 por ciento. La sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo (+) de los cultivos en inserción y conexiones fueron muy bajos. Conclusiones: En esta experiencia se encontró una elevada incidencia de infección asociada a catéteres de inserción periférica; la colonización de inserción y conexiones no fueron predictores de la infección; se recomienda implementar Bundle para prevención de estas infecciones.

Glycolytic enzyme activities are decreased during acute rejection in transplanted rat hearts.

Metabolic alterations have been characterized in various heart diseases. However, no data are available concerning metabolic changes during acute rejection episodes. Heterotopic heart transplantations in rats were done using Lewis rats as donors and recipients as a control group. The rejection group included Brown-Norway rat donors to Lewis rat recipients. Nonoperated hearts were also studied. Enzyme activities were determined for phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. There were no alterations in the control group compared to nonoperated hearts. However, the rejection cohort of hearts showed decreased glycolytic enzymes. Although lactate dehydrogenase maintained similar levels compared to the control group, phosphofructokinase showed only 50% activity, and pyruvate kinase showed less than 10% of the activity compared with controls. These results suggested that metabolic alterations in rejected hearts differ from other cardiomyopathies.

Cellular functions of TC10, a Rho family GTPase: regulation of morphology, signal transduction and cell growth.

The small Ras-related GTPase, TC10, has been classified on the basis of sequence homology to be a member of the Rho family. This family, which includes the Rho, Rac and CDC42 subfamilies, has been shown to regulate a variety of apparently diverse cellular processes such as actin cytoskeletal organization, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, cell cycle progression and transformation. In order to begin a study of TC10 biological function, we expressed wild type and various mutant forms of this protein in mammalian cells and investigated both the intracellular localization of the expressed proteins and their abilities to stimulate known Rho family-associated processes. Wild type TC10 was located predominantly in the cell membrane (apparently in the same regions as actin filaments), GTPase defective (75L) and GTP-binding defective (31N) mutants were located predominantly in cytoplasmic perinuclear regions, and a deletion mutant lacking the carboxyl terminal residues required for post-translational prenylation was located predominantly in the nucleus. The GTPase defective (constitutively active) TC10 mutant: (1) stimulated the formation of long filopodia; (2) activated c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK); (3) activated serum response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription; (4) activated NF-kappaB-dependent transcription; and (5) synergized with an activated Raf-kinase (Raf-CAAX) to transform NIH3T3 cells. In addition, wild type TC10 function is required for full H-Ras transforming potential. We demonstrate that an intact effector domain and carboxyl terminal prenylation signal are required for proper TC10 function and that TC10 signals to at least two separable downstream target pathways. In addition, TC10 interacted with the actin-binding and filament-forming protein, profilin, in both a two-hybrid cDNA library screen, and an in vitro binding assay. Taken together, these data support a classification of TC10 as a member of the Rho family, and in particular, suggest that TC10 functions to regulate cellular signaling to the actin cytoskeleton and processes associated with cell growth.

[Evolution of mortality amongst the youth of Navarra: 1985-1995]. / Evolución de la mortalidad en los jóvenes de Navarra: 1985-1995.

Recent publications show that mortality rates amongst young people and adolescents in some industrialised countries have increased in recent years. The addition of new diseases such as AIDS, which principally affect the young population, to those inevitable deaths brought about through causes such as traffic accidents has increased interest in this public health problem. The number of deaths and the adjusted global mortality rates amongst men and women of 15-34 years did not increase in Navarra in the 1985-1995 period. These are situated around 70 per 100,000. Changes have taken place in the pattern of causes, similar to those observed in other industrialised areas, with an increase of deaths through overdose and AIDS, and a decline in mortality due to traffic accidents in recent years. Traffic accidents were the first cause of death amongst youths until 1993. From this year onwards deaths from AIDS became the first cause amongst women, while amongst men the number of deaths from AIDS is equal to those caused by traffic accidents.

A T42A Ran mutation: differential interactions with effectors and regulators, and defect in nuclear protein import.

Ran, the small, predominantly nuclear GTPase, has been implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes including cell cycle progression, nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of RNA and protein, nuclear structure, and DNA synthesis. It is not known whether Ran functions directly in each process or whether many of its roles may be secondary to a direct role in only one, for example, nuclear protein import. To identify biochemical links between Ran and its functional target(s), we have generated and examined the properties of a putative Ran effector mutation, T42A-Ran. T42A-Ran binds guanine nucleotides as well as wild-type Ran and responds as well as wild-type Ran to GTP or GDP exchange stimulated by the Ran-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RCC1. T42A-Ran.GDP also retains the ability to bind p10/NTF2, a component of the nuclear import pathway. In contrast to wild-type Ran, T42A-Ran.GTP binds very weakly or not detectably to three proposed Ran effectors, Ran-binding protein 1 (RanBP1), Ran-binding protein 2 (RanBP2, a nucleoporin), and karyopherin beta (a component of the nuclear protein import pathway), and is not stimulated to hydrolyze bound GTP by Ran GTPase-activating protein, RanGAP1. Also in contrast to wild-type Ran, T42A-Ran does not stimulate nuclear protein import in a digitonin permeabilized cell assay and also inhibits wild-type Ran function in this system. However, the T42A mutation does not block the docking of karyophilic substrates at the nuclear pore. These properties of T42A-Ran are consistent with its classification as an effector mutant and define the exposed region of Ran containing the mutation as a probable effector loop.

2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase is conserved among different phylogenic kingdoms.

We have previously demonstrated that maize (Zea mays) 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM-i) is not related to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase. With the aid of specific anti-maize PGAM-i antibodies, we demonstrate here the presence of a closely related PGAM-i in other plants. We also describe the isolation and sequencing of a cDNA-encoding almond (Prunus amygdalus) PGAM-i that further demonstrates this relationship among plant PGAM-i. A search of the major databases for related sequences allowed us to identify some novel PGAM-i from different sources: plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa and Antithamniom sp.), monera (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium) and animals (Caenorhabditis elegans). All of these amino acid sequences share a high degree of homology with plant PGAM-i. These observations suggest that the PGAM-i from several biological kingdoms constitute a family of protein different from other proteins with related enzymatic function and arose from a common ancestral gene that has diverged throughout its evolution.

[Comparison of 2 treatment schemes to eradicate Helicobacter pylori]. / Comparación de dos esquemas de tratamiento para erradicar Helicobacter pylori.

INTRODUCTION: Anti secretory drugs, antimicrobials and bismuth salts are used with variable success to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. AIM: To assess the effectiveness and rates of reinfection of two therapeutic modalities H pylori infection in adult patients with duodenal ulcer or non ulcer dyspepsia. METHODS: During upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 5 antral and 2 fundic biopsies were obtained and sent for microbiological and anatomopathological study. Patients infected with Helicobacter pylori were randomly assigned to receive during two weeks omeprazole 20 mg od plus amoxicillin 500 mg tid (group A) or bismuth subsalicylate 260 mg bid, metronidazole 250 mg tid and amoxicillin 500 mg tid (group B). A new endoscopy with antral and fundic biopsies was performed to all patients four weeks after discontinuing treatment and six months later to those in whom H pylori was eradicated. RESULTS: Eighty patients (40 in each treatment group) completed the treatment and follow up. H pylori was eradicated in 22 patients of group A (55%) and 28 of group B (70%). Minor adverse effects were reported by 5 patients in group A (12%) and 11 in group B (27.5%). Six months later, reinfection was documented in 12 patients of group A and 8 of group B (54% and 30% of those with successful treatment respectively). Ten of twenty five patients with duodenal ulcer had reinfections, but there was only one ulcer relapse. CONCLUSIONS: These two treatment modalities have similar results.

Isolation and characterization of cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase gene from maize.

The isolation and characterization of cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase gene from maize (Zea mays) is here reported. This gene sequence constitutes the first described from this enzyme. The gene spans 5.4 kilo base pairs and has nine exons in the translated region. Canonical TATA and CCAAT and Sp1-like boxes are present upstream of the gene. Comparison with cofactor-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase genes revealed no similarity between both groups of enzymes.

[Non ulcerative dyspepsia: relationship of symptomatology, gastritis and Helicobacter pylori]. / Dispepsia no ulcerosa: relaciones entre sintomatología, gastritis y Helycobacter pylori.

BACKGROUND: histological alterations of gastric mucosa and its colonization by Helicobacter pylori are postuled to be implicated in the pathogenesis of non ulcer dyspepsia. AIM: to study the possible relationships between histological gastritis and Helicobacter pylori in non ulcer dyspepsia symptomatology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: fifty four patients (39 females) with non ulcer dyspepsia whose ages ranged from 17 to 68 years were subjected to an upper GI endoscopy with gastric mucosa biopsy samples for histological study and microbiological identification of Helicobacter pylori. Gastrointestinal complains were blindly quantified using a scored questionnaire. RESULTS: thirty one subjects (57.4%) had Helicobacter pylori in their gastric mucosa. There was acute inflammatory activity in 26 of the 31 patients with Helicobacter pylori (81%) and 15 of 23 without Helicobacter (65%). The median score of symptoms was 7 (range 2-13) in patients with Helicobacter and 6 (range 2-10) in patients without Helicobacter. CONCLUSIONS: there were no significant differences in gastric mucosa acute inflammatory activity and non ulcer dyspepsia symptomatology between patients with or without Helicobacter pylori colonization of gastric mucosa.

[Treatment of gastric ulcer with sucralfate and famotidine]. / Tratamiento de la úlcera gástrica con sucralfato y famotidina.

We conducted a double blind random study on 79 patients with gastric ulcer: 39 received sucralfate, 1 g 4 times a day (Group 1) and 40 received a single evening dose of famotidine, 40 mg (Group 2). At 4 weeks, endoscopy revealed healing of the ulcer in 46% of patients in Group 1 and 40% in Group 2 (NS). At 8 weeks, corresponding figures were 90% and 75% (NS). All patients were able to complete treatment and minor side effects were reported from all patients, 36% with sucralfate and 28% with famotidine. Thus, sucralfate and famotidine are equally effective for therapy of gastric ulcer. The higher percentage of healing with sucralfate observed in this study was not statistically significant.