Special considerations for the use of AI tools by PEERs as a learning and communication aid.

There is no doubt that navigating academia is a formidable challenge, particularly for those from underrepresented backgrounds who face additional barriers at every turn. In such an environment, efforts to create learning and training environments that are diverse, equitable, and inclusive can feel like an uphill battle. We believe that harnessing the power of artificial intelligence (AI) tools can help in leveling the playing field. While AI cannot supplant the need for supportive mentorship, it can serve as a vital supplement, offering guidance and assistance to those who may lack access to adequate avenues of support. Embracing AI in this context should not be stigmatized, as it may represent a vital lifeline for underrepresented individuals who often face systemic biases while forging their own paths in pursuit of success and belonging in academia. AI tools should not be gatekept from these individuals, particularly by those in positions of power and privilege within the scientific community. Instead, we argue, institutions should make a strong commitment to educating their community members on how to ethically harness these tools.

The inability to belch: a neglected disease in the era of high-resolution esophageal manometry.

Retrograde upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction (R-UESD) is characterized by the inability to belch. Evidence of using high-resolution manometry (HRM) in diagnosing R-UESD has emerged in recent years. We describe the clinical picture and HRM patterns of two patients with R-UESD. Case 1: A 23-year-old female presented with a two-year complaint of inability to belch. We performed HRM with a belch provocation test for which the patient drank 500 ml of carbonated water. The study revealed increased esophageal pressure, an absence of UES relaxation and secondary peristalsis once the patient mentioned the need to belch. Case 2: A 21-year-old male presented to our medical office with a history of an incapacity to belch during the last three years. We performed HRM with a belch provocation test. During the study, he reported an incapacity to belch and his symptoms coincided with increased esophageal pressure, an absence of UES relaxation, and secondary peristalsis. Retrograde upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction is a rare condition characterized by a lack of UES relaxation during esophageal distension. The incapacity to belch is the hallmark of the disease. We encourage the use of HRM, looking for an increase in esophageal pressure to the level of gastric pressure, failure of UES relaxation with consequently no venting of air across the UES, and secondary peristalsis. In conclusion, diverse R-UESD clinical presentations represent a diagnostic challenge for physicians. This case series highlights the need to actively search for typical HRM findings when encountering patients referring an incapacity to belch.

In vitro and in silico studies of the acaricidal and anticholinesterase activities of Randia aculeata seeds against the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a leading cause of significant economic losses in the livestock industry, and tick populations have developed multiple forms of resistance to acaricides; therefore, the potential of novel natural bioactive compounds that are effective for targeting ticks must be addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal and anticholinesterase activities of R. aculeata seeds and to identify naturally occurring compounds that potentially inhibit anticholinesterase through in silico docking. The acaricidal activity of the extract of R. aculeata seeds against larval and adult R. microplus ticks was assessed through immersion tests. Inhibition of anticholinesterase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Extracts of R. aculeata seeds showed activity against larvae and engorged females of R. microplus, and a reduction in the reproductive index were also observed. Rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and epicatechin exhibited noteworthy interactions with the active site residues of RmAChE. These findings could significantly contribute to the exploration of novel natural products that can potentially inhibit RmAChE and could be used in the development of new acaricides for tick control.

Dengue en paciente de 32 días de vida. Reporte de un caso poco habitual / Dengue fever in a 32-day-old patient. A rare case report

El dengue es una enfermedad viral transmitida por la picadura del mosquito Aedes aegypti. El comportamiento del dengue en Argentina es epidémico; la mayoría de los casos se observan en los meses de mayor temperatura. Hasta la semana epidemiológica (SE) 20/2023, se registraron en Argentina 106 672 casos; se vieron afectadas 18 de las 24 provincias que conforman el país. Dentro de los principales grupos de riesgo, se incluyen los menores de 2 años. Reconocer los signos, síntomas e identificar los factores de riesgo es fundamental para el manejo de casos con mayor riesgo de gravedad. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 32 días de vida que se internó por síndrome febril sin foco, con diagnósticos diferenciales de meningitis viral y sepsis, evolucionó con leucocitosis, plaquetopenia, hipoalbuminemia, asociado a exantema y edemas. Se llegó al diagnóstico de dengue por la clínica, epidemiologia e IgM positiva.

Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In Argentina, dengue fever is an epidemic disease; most cases are reported during the hot months.Until epidemiological week (EW) 20/2023, 106 672 cases were reported across 18 of the 24 provinces of Argentina. Children younger than 2 years are among the main groups at risk. Recognizing signs and symptoms and identifying risk factors is fundamental for the management of cases at a higher risk of severity. Here we describe the case of a 32-day-old female patient who was hospitalized due to febrile syndrome without a source, who had a differential diagnosis of viral meningitis and sepsis and progressed to leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia in association with rash and edema. The diagnosis of dengue fever was established based on clinical, epidemiological, and positive IgM data.

Chemotherapy induces myeloid-driven spatial T-cell exhaustion in ovarian cancer.

To uncover the intricate, chemotherapy-induced spatiotemporal remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, we conducted integrative spatial and molecular characterization of 97 high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) samples collected before and after chemotherapy. Using single-cell and spatial analyses, we identify increasingly versatile immune cell states, which form spatiotemporally dynamic microcommunities at the tumor-stroma interface. We demonstrate that chemotherapy triggers spatial redistribution and exhaustion of CD8+ T cells due to prolonged antigen presentation by macrophages, both within interconnected myeloid networks termed "Myelonets" and at the tumor stroma interface. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics identifies prominent TIGIT-NECTIN2 ligand-receptor interactions induced by chemotherapy. Using a functional patient-derived immuno-oncology platform, we show that CD8+T-cell activity can be boosted by combining immune checkpoint blockade with chemotherapy. Our discovery of chemotherapy-induced myeloid-driven spatial T-cell exhaustion paves the way for novel immunotherapeutic strategies to unleash CD8+ T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in HGSC.

Implementation and Evaluation of a Trainee Orientation Manual in an Intensive Care Unit Rotation.

Background: The intensive care unit (ICU) rotation places trainees in a fast-paced, high-intensity environment that requires complex patient care and multidisciplinary coordination. Trainees seek continuous medical knowledge acquisition while tasked with learning ICU-specific workflows, procedures, and policies. The unfamiliarity with rotation logistics and administrative roles and expectations could hinder the ICU rotation learning experience. A lack of standardization and material for trainee orientation to administrative ICU tasks and workflows could affect the trainee's rotation performance and overall learner satisfaction. Objective: We evaluated the implementation of an ICU trainee manual to provide trainees with a source of orientation for rotation logistics and nonclinical ICU tasks. We assessd its impact on content retention, learners' satisfaction with the manual, and overall ICU rotation experience. Methods: We designed an observational, prospective cohort study that included all trainees scheduled to rotate in the ICU during the 2020-2021 academic year. The ICU manual was delivered electronically and was available throughout the academic year. Trainees received a survey before their first ICU rotation (pretest) and 6 months after their first ICU rotation (retest) to assess content retention, trainees' perception of the ICU manual, and overall rotation satisfaction. Results: A total of 95 trainees completed the pretest survey, and 61 completed the retest survey. The target cohort response rate for each survey was 100%. Pretest scores were higher than the matched retest scores (41 of 48 [interquartile range, 37-44] vs. 38 of 48 [34-41]; P < 0.001). The median ICU manual satisfaction score was 32 of 40 (26-36.5). We found positive correlations between ICU manual trainee satisfaction score and the retest score (r[59] = 0.320; P = 0.01) and ICU rotation trainee satisfaction level (r[59] = 0.909; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Implementing an ICU manual to orient trainees to their ICU clinical rotation was well received and showed continued retention of orientation content. Higher ICU rotation trainee satisfaction levels were related to a positive perception of the ICU manual.

Mapping the habitat refugia of Isidella elongata under climate change and trawling impacts to preserve Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems in the Mediterranean.

The bamboo-coral Isidella elongata is a key habitat-forming species in the deep Mediterranean Sea. This alcyonacean is listed as an indicator of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) and as Critically Endangered due to bottom trawling impacts. In this work, a modeling approach was used to predict and map the habitat suitability of I. elongata in the Mediterranean Sea under current environmental conditions. Occurrence data were modeled as a function of environmental parameters. Using climate change scenarios and fishing effort data, the risk of climate change and fisheries impacts on habitat suitability were estimated, and climate refugia were identified. A drastic loss of habitat is predicted, and climate change scenarios suggest a loss of 60% of suitable habitats by 2100. In the central Mediterranean, climate refugia overlapped with active fishing grounds. This study represents the first attempt to identify hot spots for the protection of soft bottom Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems for the entire Mediterranean Sea, and highlights areas most at risk from trawling. This work is relevant to the objectives of the EU Marine Strategy Framework and Maritime Spatial Planning Directives, the Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 regarding priority areas for conservation.

Cellular Modeling of CLN6 with IPSC-derived Neurons and Glia.

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), type 6 (CLN6) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive neurodegeneration leading to dementia, seizures, and retinopathy. CLN6 encodes a resident-ER protein involved in trafficking lysosomal proteins to the Golgi. CLN6p deficiency results in lysosomal dysfunction and deposition of storage material comprised of Nile Red + lipids/proteolipids that include subunit C of the mitochondrial ATP synthase (SUBC). White matter involvement has been recently noted in several CLN6 animal models and several CLN6 subjects had neuroimaging was consistent with leukodystrophy. CLN6 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) were generated from several of these subjects. IPSCs were differentiated into oligodendroglia or neurons using well-established small-molecule protocols. A doxycycline-inducible transgenic system expressing neurogenin-2 (the I3N-system) was also used to generate clonal IPSC-lines (I3N-IPSCs) that could be rapidly differentiated into neurons (I3N-neurons). All CLN6 IPSC-derived neural cell lines developed significant storage material, CLN6-I3N-neuron lines revealed significant Nile Red + and SUBC + storage within three and seven days of neuronal induction, respectively. CLN6-I3N-neurons had decreased tripeptidyl peptidase-1 activity, increased Golgi area, along with increased LAMP1 + in cell bodies and neurites. SUBC + signal co-localized with LAMP1 + signal. Bulk-transcriptomic evaluation of control- and CLN6-I3N-neurons identified >1300 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) with Gene Ontogeny (GO) Enrichment and Canonical Pathway Analyses having significant changes in lysosomal, axonal, synaptic, and neuronal-apoptotic gene pathways. These findings indicate that CLN6-IPSCs and CLN6-I3N-IPSCs are appropriate cellular models for this disorder. These I3N-neuron models may be particularly valuable for developing therapeutic interventions with high-throughput drug screening assays and/or gene therapy.

Jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a diagnostic challenge.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. These tumors usually affect people over 50 years of age and they exhibit a wide range of clinical manifestations, including asymptomatic patients, nonspecific symptoms, obstruction or bleeding, which may delay diagnosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial because GISTs can be aggressive and metastasize. This case highlights the importance of considering GISTs in the differential diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.

Gatad2b, associated with the neurodevelopmental syndrome GAND, plays a critical role in neurodevelopment and cortical patterning.

GATAD2B (GATA zinc finger domain containing 2B) variants are associated with the neurodevelopmental syndrome GAND, characterized by intellectual disability (ID), infantile hypotonia, apraxia of speech, epilepsy, macrocephaly and distinct facial features. GATAD2B encodes for a subunit of the Nucleosome Remodeling and Histone Deacetylase (NuRD) complex. NuRD controls transcriptional programs critical for proper neurodevelopment by coupling histone deacetylase with ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity. To study mechanisms of pathogenesis for GAND, we characterized a mouse model harboring an inactivating mutation in Gatad2b. Homozygous Gatad2b mutants die perinatally, while haploinsufficient Gatad2b mice exhibit behavioral abnormalities resembling the clinical features of GAND patients. We also observed abnormal cortical patterning, and cellular proportions and cell-specific alterations in the developmental transcriptome in these mice. scRNAseq of embryonic cortex indicated misexpression of genes key for corticogenesis and associated with neurodevelopmental syndromes such as Bcl11b, Nfia and H3f3b and Sox5. These data suggest a crucial role for Gatad2b in brain development.

Quantification of temporomandibular joint space in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis assessed by cone beam computerized tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a method to calculate the total intra-articular volume (inter-osseous space) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) determined by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This could be used as a marker of tissue proliferation and different degrees of soft tissue hyperplasia in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Axial single-slice CBCT images of cross-sections of the TMJs of 11 JIA patients and 11 controls were employed. From the top of the glenoid fossa, in the caudal direction, an average of 26 slices were defined in each joint (N = 44). The interosseous space was manually delimited from each slice by using dedicated software that includes a graphic interface. TMJ volumes were calculated by adding the areas measured in each slice. Two volumes were defined: Ve-i and Vi , where Ve-i is the inter-osseous space, volume defined by the borders of the fossa and Vi is the internal volume defined by the condyle. An intra-articular volume filling index (IF) was defined as Ve-i /Vi , which represents the filling of the space. RESULTS: The measured space of the intra-articular volume, corresponding to the intra-articular soft tissue and synovial fluid, was more than twice as large in the JIA group as in the control group. CONCLUSION: The presented method, based on CBCT, is feasible for assessing inter-osseus joint volume of the TMJ and delimits a threshold of intra-articular changes related to intra-articular soft tissue proliferation, based on differences in volumes. Intra-articular soft tissue is found to be enlarged in JIA patients.

Dengue fever in a 32-day-old patient. A rare case report. / Dengue en paciente de 32 días de vida. Reporte de un caso poco habitual.

Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In Argentina, dengue fever is an epidemic disease; most cases are reported during the hot months. Until epidemiological week (EW) 20/2023, 106 672 cases were reported across 18 of the 24 provinces of Argentina. Children younger than 2 years are among the main groups at risk. Recognizing signs and symptoms and identifying risk factors is fundamental for the management of cases at a higher risk of severity. Here we describe the case of a 32-day-old female patient who was hospitalized due to febrile syndrome without a source, who had a differential diagnosis of viral meningitis and sepsis and progressed to leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia in association with rash and edema. The diagnosis of dengue fever was established based on clinical, epidemiological, and positive IgM data.

El dengue es una enfermedad viral transmitida por la picadura del mosquito Aedes aegypti. El comportamiento del dengue en Argentina es epidémico; la mayoría de los casos se observan en los meses de mayor temperatura. Hasta la semana epidemiológica (SE) 20/2023, se registraron en Argentina 106 672 casos; se vieron afectadas 18 de las 24 provincias que conforman el país. Dentro de los principales grupos de riesgo, se incluyen los menores de 2 años. Reconocer los signos, síntomas e identificar los factores de riesgo es fundamental para el manejo de casos con mayor riesgo de gravedad. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 32 días de vida que se internó por síndrome febril sin foco, con diagnósticos diferenciales de meningitis viral y sepsis, evolucionó con leucocitosis, plaquetopenia, hipoalbuminemia, asociado a exantema y edemas. Se llegó al diagnóstico de dengue por la clínica, epidemiologia e IgM positiva.

Litiasis renal derecha en riñón ectópico que simula apendicitis aguda / Right renal lithiasis in ectopic kidney that simulates acute appendicitis / Litíase renal direita em rim ectópico que simula apendicite aguda

Paciente masculino de 45 años que acude por cuadro clínico de 12 horas de evolución caracterizado por dolor abdominal, en flanco y fosa ilíaca derecha, asociado a vómitos de aspecto bilioso.

Effect of Electrical Stimulation on PC12 Cells Cultured in Different Hydrogels: Basis for the Development of Biomaterials in Peripheral Nerve Tissue Engineering.

Extensive damage to peripheral nerves is a health problem with few therapeutic alternatives. In this context, the development of tissue engineering seeks to obtain materials that can help recreate environments conducive to cellular development and functional repair of peripheral nerves. Different hydrogels have been studied and presented as alternatives for future treatments to emulate the morphological characteristics of nerves. Along with this, other research proposes the need to incorporate electrical stimuli into treatments as agents that promote cell growth and differentiation; however, no precedent correlates the simultaneous effects of the types of hydrogel and electrical stimuli. This research evaluates the neural differentiation of PC12 cells, relating the effect of collagen, alginate, GelMA, and PEGDA hydrogels with electrical stimulation modulated in four different ways. Our results show significant correlations for different cultivation conditions. Electrical stimuli significantly increase neural differentiation for specific experimental conditions dependent on electrical frequency, not voltage. These backgrounds allow new material treatment schemes to be formulated through electrical stimulation in peripheral nerve tissue engineering.

Fístula colecistogástrica diagnosticada mediante ultrasonografía endoscópica / Cholecystogastric fistula diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasonography

A case of a patient with symptoms of gastric obstruction secondary to cholecystogastric fistula is presented and a brief review of the literature is done.(AU)

La cápsula endoscópica para el diagnóstico del melanoma intestinal / Cholecystogastric fistula diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasonography

Melanoma is a cancer that frequently metastasises to the small bowel, but most cases are asymptomatic and are diagnosed postmortem. Therefore, CT and PET CT cannot detect all lesions and conventional endoscopic study only detects 10-20% of lesions. In this study, we present the case of a 68-year-old patient with a history of cutaneous melanoma and a diagnosis of intestinal melanoma. Thanks to capsule endoscopy, two lesions compatible with cutaneous melanoma metastasis to the small bowel were detected, allowing a much more effective surgical planning. Capsule endoscopy is an innovative technique that improves preoperative diagnosis, as it is able to detect bowel segments that cannot be inspected by conventional endoscopy. It also has a better resolution than conventional CT, improving sensitivity in the detection of lesions.(AU)

Análisis del grado de implantación de las prácticas de prevención de errores de medicación en los hospitales españoles (2022) / Analysis of the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals (2022)

Objetivo conocer el grado de implantación de las prácticas de prevención de errores de medicación en los hospitales españoles. Método estudio descriptivo multicéntrico del grado de implantación de las prácticas seguras recogidas en el «Cuestionario de autoevaluación de la seguridad del uso de los medicamentos en los hospitales. Versión II». Participaron aquellos hospitales españoles que cumplimentaron este cuestionario entre octubre de 2021 y septiembre de 2022. El cuestionario contiene 265 ítems de evaluación agrupados en 10 elementos clave. Se calculó la puntuación media y el porcentaje medio sobre el valor máximo posible para el cuestionario completo, los elementos clave y los ítems de evaluación. Los resultados se compararon con los del estudio realizado en 2011. Resultados participaron 131 hospitales de 15 comunidades autónomas. La puntuación media del cuestionario completo en los hospitales fue de 898,2 (57,4% del valor máximo posible). No se encontraron diferencias según la dependencia, el tamaño o la finalidad asistencial, ni en el cuestionario completo ni en los elementos clave. Presentaron los valores más bajos los elementos clave VIII, I y VI, sobre competencia y formación de los profesionales en prácticas seguras (45,1%), disponibilidad y accesibilidad de la información esencial sobre los pacientes (48%) y dispositivos para la administración de medicamentos (52,3%). Con respecto a 2011, se encontraron aumentos significativos tanto en el cuestionario completo como en los elementos clave, excepto en el V y VII, referentes a la estandarización, almacenamiento y distribución de medicamentos, y a los factores del entorno y recursos humanos. ...(AU)

Objective To assess the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals. Method Descriptive multicenter study of the degree of implementation of the safety practices included in the "Medication use-system safety self-assessment for hospitals. Version. II". Spanish hospitals that completed the questionnaire between October/2021 and September/2022 participated. The survey contains 265 items for evaluation grouped into 10 key elements. Mean score and mean percentages based on the maximum possible values for the overall survey, for the key elements and for each individual item of evaluation were calculated. The results were compared with those of the previous 2011 study. Results A total of 131 hospitals from 15 autonomous regions participated in the study. The mean score of the overall questionnaire in all hospitals was 898.2 (57.4% of the maximum possible score). No differences were found according to dependency, size or type of hospital, either in the overall questionnaire or in the key elements. The lowest values were found for key elements 8, 1 and 6, on competence and training of health professionals in safety practices (45.1%), availability and accessibility of essential information on patients (48%), and devices for administering drugs (52.3%). With respect to 2011, significant increases were found both in the overall questionnaire and in the key elements, except 5 and 7, referring to standardization, storage and distribution of medications, and environmental factors and human resources. Several evaluation items on the safe management of high-risk drugs, medication reconciliation, incorporation of clinical pharmacists into the healthcare teams and implementation of technologies that allow full traceability throughout the medication system, showed low percentages. Conclusions.... (AU)

Multicentre Study Into the Use of Polyethylene Glycol With Electrolytes Over at Least 6 Months to Treat Constipation in Paediatric Populations.

Background: Constipation is a common clinical problem in children, for which the first-line therapeutic options are osmotic laxatives, mainly polyethylene glycol (PEG). These treatments are often prescribed for short or limited periods, with progressive treatment withdrawal often resulting in relapses. However, there are a few studies into the long-term use (≥6 months) of PEG 3350 with electrolytes (PEG+E) in terms of the patients' clinical evolution. Objectives: To assess bowel movement and other relevant symptoms in children with constipation receiving PEG+E (≥6 months), as well as parent/caregiver satisfaction with this treatment. Methods: A retrospective, observational, descriptive, longitudinal, and multicentre study was carried out on 74 children diagnosed with functional constipation (ROME IV criteria) who had received PEG+E (≥6 months). Bowel control was assessed using the Bristol stool scale, and the parent's/caregiver's perception of the treatment was also evaluated employing a nonvalidated questionnaire. Results: Children with an average duration of constipation >1 year experienced a significant improvement in bowel movements and stool consistency when using PEG+E. The mean duration of use was 18.6 (±13.4) months, without the need to adjust the dose for weight. All clinical symptoms improved significantly except bloating, and all the parents/caregivers confirmed these clinical improvements. Conclusions: Children treated with PEG+E (≥6 months) normalised their bowel movements, improving the clinical symptoms related to constipation in the absence of serious advert events or the need for dosage adjustments due to weight gain. Parents/caregivers reported good satisfaction with PEG+E treatment.

[Translated article] Analysis of the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals (2022).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of implementation of medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals. METHOD: Descriptive multicenter study of the degree of implementation of the safety practices included in the "Medication use-system safety self-assessment for hospitals. Version. II". Spanish hospitals that completed the questionnaire between October, 2021 and September, 2022 participated. The survey contains 265 items for evaluation grouped into 10 key elements. Mean score and mean percentages based on the maximum possible values for the overall survey, for the key elements, and for each individual item of evaluation were calculated. The results were compared with those of the previous 2011 study. RESULTS: A total of 131 hospitals from 15 autonomous regions participated in the study. The mean score of the overall questionnaire in all hospitals was 898.2 (57.4% of the maximum possible score). No differences were found according to dependency, size, or type of hospital, either in the overall questionnaire or in the key elements. The lowest values were found for key elements VIII, I and VI, on competence and training of health professionals in safety practices (45.1%), availability and accessibility of essential information on patients (48%), and devices for administering drugs (52.3%). With respect to 2011, significant increases were found both in the overall questionnaire and in the key elements, except V and VII, referring to standardization, storage, and distribution of medications, and environmental factors and human resources. Several evaluation items on the safe management of high-risk drugs, medication reconciliation, incorporation of clinical pharmacists into the healthcare teams, and implementation of technologies that allow full traceability throughout the medication system, showed low percentages. CONCLUSIONS: There has been appreciable progress in the degree of implementation of some medication error prevention practices in Spanish hospitals, but many proven efficacy practices recommended by the World Health Organization and safety organizations are still poorly implemented. The information obtained can be useful for prioritizing the practices to be addressed and as a new baseline for monitoring progress.