A Comparative Investigation Applying Testicular Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Open Testicular Biopsy Histology for the Diagnosis of Azoospermia and Severe Oligospermia.

Open testicular biopsy histology and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) are the most popular tests used to diagnose male infertility. This study aimed to assess the cytological characteristics of 186 infertile males aged 24-63 with testicular FNAC. Furthermore, the existing relationship between males with severe oligospermia (sperm count: 5 million/ml) and azoospermia was investigated via both cytological and histological diagnosis methods. With a 1.5-inch and 25-gauge needle, the testis was aspirated from three locations (the upper, middle, and lower poles). Papanicolaou stain or Giemsa stain was used to make smears on albumenized slides, which were then dried in the air and stained. A biopsy of the testicles was performed there, preserved in Bouins solution, processed as usual, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. According to our findings, 66.7% of patients had secondary maturation arrest, whereas 18.3% and 15.1% of them had hypospermatogenesis and Sertoli cell only (SCO). Results of the comparison showed that both procedures were very similar. According to biopsy histological examinations, only 3 (1.6%) of the 28 normal FNAC instances had hypospermatogenesis with lymphocyte infiltration. The majority of SCO patients were over 50 years old. These findings revealed that FNAC is more effective than testicular histology for the assessment of male infertility.

Access to antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacies in Yemen during the political conflict.

OBJECTIVES: The practice of dispensing non-prescribed antibiotics aggravates the global burden of antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study is to assess the practice of community pharmacists regarding dispensing antibiotics without a prescription based on simulated clinical scenarios. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: The study was performed between 15 April to 18 June 2015. Five different clinical scenarios were simulated, involving sore throat, otitis media, cough, diarrhea, and urinary tract infection (UTI). Three different levels of demand were used to convince the pharmacists to dispense antibiotics data was analyzed using SPSS, version 21.0. RESULTS: Two-hundred community pharmacies in Sana'a were visited for each clinical scenario. The majority of pharmacies (73.3%) dispensed antibiotics without medical prescriptions in different levels of demand. Most antibiotics were dispensed for the sore throat simulated scenario (99.5%), followed by cough (92%), diarrhea (75.5%), and otitis media (52%). The lowest percentage of dispensed antibiotics was in the UTI scenario, with 48%. Among the pharmacists who dispensed antibiotics, 74.2% provided an explanation to the simulated patients regarding how to use antibiotics, 77.6% counseled the patient about treatment duration and only 11.9% of the pharmacists asked about the pregnancy status. Regarding the cough scenario, 83% of the pharmacists inquired about the type of cough before dispensing medication. CONCLUSION: Antibiotics in Yemen can be easily obtained without medical prescription or evidence-based indication.

Costs associated with tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in Yemen for patients and public health services.

This study determined the costs associated with tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment for the public health services and patients in Sana'a, Yemen. Data were collected prospectively from 320 pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB patients (160 each) who were followed until completion of treatment. Direct medical and nonmedical costs and indirect costs were calculated. The proportionate cost to the patients for pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB was 76.1% arid 89.4% respectively of the total for treatment. The mean cost to patients for pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB treatment was US$ 108.4 and US$ 328.0 respectively. The mean cost per patient to the health services for pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB treatment was US$ 34.0 and US$ 38.8 respectively. For pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, drug treatment represented 59.3% and 77.9% respectively of the total cost to the health services. The greatest proportionate cost to patients for pulmonary TB treatment was time away from work (67.5% of the total cost), and for extrapulmonary TB was laboratory and X-ray costs (55.5%) followed by transportation (28.6%).

Costs associated with tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment in Yemen for patients and public health services

This study determined the costs associated with tuberculosis [TB] diagnosis and treatment for the public health services and patients in Sana'a, Yemen. Data were collected prospectively from 320 pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB patients [160 each] who were followed until completion of treatment. Direct medical and nonmedical costs and indirect costs were calculated. The proportionate cost to the patients for pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB was 76.1% and 89.4% respectively of the total for treatment. The mean cost to patients for pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB treatment was US$ 108.4 and US$ 328.0 respectively. The mean cost per patient to the health services for pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB treatment was US$ 34.0 and US$ 38.8 respectively. For pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, drug treatment represented 59.3% and 77.9% respectively of the total cost to the health services. The greatest proportionate cost to patients for pulmonary TB treatment was time away from work [67.5% of the total cost], and for extrapulmonary TB was laboratory and X-ray costs [55.5%] followed by transportation [28.6%]