Evaluation of protective effects of GnRH agonist or antagonist on ovarian reserve with anti-Müllerian hormone and histological analysis in a rat model using cisplatin.

Introduction: The aim of this prospective trial was to evaluate the ovarian reserve with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which is the best predictor of ovarian reserve, and perform histological analysis after exposure to cisplatin with a GnRH agonist or antagonist. Material and methods: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups, each consisting of eight rats. In the GnRH agonist group (group 1), rats received a single dose of 50 mg/m2 cisplatin with 1 mg/kg triptorelin. In the GnRH antagonist group (group 2), rats received a single dose of 50 mg/m2 cisplatin with 1 mg/kg cetrorelix. In the control group (group 3), rats received 50 mg/m2 cisplatin. Ovarian reserve was assessed by AMH and histology. Results: Primary follicle counts were higher in group 2 (4.50 ±1.47 vs. 3.50 ±1.70 vs. 3.00 ±3.54) and secondary follicle counts were higher in group 1 (2.96 ±1.11 vs. 1.74 ±1.03 vs. 1.37 ±3.11). Numbers of tertiary follicles were higher both in groups 1 and 2 than the control group (1.36 ±0.83 vs. 0.84 ±0.99 vs. 0.50 ±0.75). The total follicle count of the study groups were significantly higher compared with the control group (14.32 ±5.96 vs. 12.48 ±4.12 vs. 10.63 ±6.80). AMH was significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 compared with the control group (18.56 ±25.33 vs. 16.48 ±24.66 vs. 9.37 ±26.54). Conclusions: This is the first prospective randomized controlled study showing the protective effects of GnRH agonist and antagonist on ovarian reserve after cisplatin exposure in an animal model.

Human chorionic gonadotropin expression in endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma: could it be a new marker?

OBJECTIVE: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone expressed in a variety of tumors and is correlated with advanced stage disease and poor prognosis. This study aimed to determine hCG expression immunohistochemically in endometrial specimens obtained from patients with normal endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma, and to determine if there is a correlation between invasiveness and hCG positivity. METHODS: The histologic materials and medical records for patients diagnosed with normal endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia with/without atypia, and endometrial carcinoma between September 2017 and September 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemical staining for hCG was performed and analyzed semi-quantitatively. RESULTS: A total of 96 patients were included: normal endometrium (27.1%) (n=26); endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (25%) (n=24); atypical endometrial hyperplasia (22.9%) (n=22); endometrioid endometrial cancer (25%) (n=24). Median age of the patients was 48 (range 28-81) years. hCG was positive in 8.3% of patients with endometrial hyperplasia without atypia, 18.2% in those with atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and 41.7% in those with endometrial cancer (p<0.001). None of the patients with normal endometrium had a positive hCG. The rate of endometrial cancer was 62.5% in the hCG-positive group and 17.5% in the hCG-negative group. CONCLUSION: hCG is expressed to a significantly greater degree in patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma and it may be potentially used as a marker for these lesions.

A single K-wire to prevent poor outcomes in closed soft-tissue mallet finger management due to patient non-compliance.

INTRODUCTION: Soft-tissue mallet finger occurs due to loss of terminal extensor tendon secondary to rupture of distal phalanx. Although using noninvasive splints for 6-8 weeks is the gold standard for conservative treatment of closed soft-tissue mallet injuries, patient compliance is an important factor impacting on patient outcomes. In this study, we used a single Kirschner Wire (K-W) to fix the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint in extension in those patients failed to comply with routine splinting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 190 patients with Doyle type 1 closed soft-tissue mallet finger deformity were included in four groups between 2011 and 2015. These groups were determined according to treatment modalities. Patients in the first group were treated with a finger splint (n = 109). Patients in the second group first received a finger splint and then K-W was applied due to lack of adequate compliance (n = 23). Patients in the third group were treated with K-W only (n = 47), and the fourth group did not accept surgical treatment nor conservative treatment (n = 11). After 20 weeks of follow up, we evaluated the results with functional measurements according to Crawford criteria and patient satisfaction. Additionally, the mid-term outcome was assessed with a follow-up at 2 years. RESULTS: At 20th week postoperatively, average DIP extension lag was 6 degrees (0-30) for the first group, 6.1 degrees (0-30) for the second group, 3.8 degrees (0-25) for the third group, and 17.3 degrees (7-30) for the fourth group. Total patient satisfaction was 85%, which was considered excellent or good. Swan neck deformity was observed in 11% of patients. Osteomyelitis and KW related complications were not observed. There were no statistically significant differences between short-term and mid-term results. CONCLUSION: Internal fixation via K-W may be a suitable treatment option compared to splint therapy for management of closed soft-tissue mallet finger in noncompliant patients. Using this treatment approach, the success rate for patients could satisfactorily be improved.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Discriminating Precancerous Pathologies from Cervical Cancer.

PURPOSE: We aimed to determine the predictive value of several hematological markers of inflammation on the presence/absence of cervical cancer and also to determine their ability in discriminating precancerous cervical pathologies from cervical cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, patients who presented to Acibadem Kayseri Hospital between May 2010 and June 2018 were evaluated. Forty patients with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 40 patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), and 30 patients with cervical cancer (CC) were retrospectively included in this study. A control group of 70 healthy volunteers with normal cervical cytology was also included in the study. RESULTS: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was significantly higher in patients with CC than in controls. The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was significantly higher in patients with CC compared to those with LSIL and HSIL diagnoses and also controls (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age (OR: 1.075, 95% CI: 1.020-1.132, p=0.007), NLR (OR: 1.643, 95% CI: 1.009-3.142, p=0.047), and PLR (OR: 1.032, 95% CI: 1.003-1.062, p=0.029) were predictors for the presence of CC. ROC curve analysis revealed that both NLR and PLR were predictive of CC with a cutoff value of 2.02 for NLR (71% sensitivity and 60% specificity, AUC: 0.682, p=0.004) and 126.7 for PLR (83% sensitivity and 69% specificity, AUC: 0.752, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In addition to patients' age, determination of NLR and PLR values, which are simple, inexpensive, and readily available markers of systemic inflammation, may help in decision making precancerous pathologies of the cervix.

F-18 fluoro-D-glucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in planning of surgery and sentinel lymph node screening in vulvar cancers.

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of FDG-PET/CT in the assessment of inguinofemoral lymph node (IFLN) in patients with vulvar cancer by comparing FDG-PET/CT results, sentinel lymph node (SLN) screening with gamma probe, and the results of frozen section and definitive pathology in these lymph nodes. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective study included eight patients, who were diagnosed with vulvar cancer at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Erciyes University, Turkey. All patients underwent FDG-PET/CT before surgery. Local excision and IFLN dissection were planned by assessing IFLN involvement with SLN screening with Tc-99m nanocolloid plus frozen section. Intraoperatively, SLN screening was performed by using a gamma probe, and these lymph nodes were excised and then evaluated by frozen section. Regardless of the frozen section results, the IFLNs were totally excised. The FDG-PET/CT scan results, SLN plus frozen section results and definitive pathology results of the inguinal lymph nodes were compared. RESULTS: The mean age was 64.50 ± 13.25 years (min-max 43-79 years). All tumors were squamous cell carcinomas. FDG-PET/CT scan determined vulvar lesions accurately in all patients (8/8; 100 %). When inguinal lymph nodes were assessed by FDG uptake and SUVmax values, lymph nodes were interpreted as reactive in four patients (4/8; 50 %) and metastatic in the others (4/8; 50 %). In all patients frozen section confirmed the FDG-PET-CT results and definitive histopathology results confirmed the frozen section and FDG-PET-CT results (8/8; 100 %). CONCLUSIONS: In light of these data, FDG-PET/CT scanning is an effective method for the detection of primary tumor in vulvar cancer. Although it seems to be an effective method for the detection of IFLN metastasis, these findings must be supported by further studies with larger sample size for use in the planning of primary surgery and inguinal lymph node dissection without SLN dissection and frozen section, as a minimal invasive method.

Concurrent endometrial carcinoma in hysterectomy specimens in patients with histopathological diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia in curettage specimens.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to appraise the presence of Endometrial Carcinoma (EC) sequence in patients undergoing hysterectomy for Endometrial Hyperplasia (EH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty-two patients undergoing hysterectomy with the indication of EH based on endometrial curettage between January 2009 and December 2013 were analyzed respectively All patients with a diagnosis of EH were investigated for age, parity history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The histopathology of the hysterectomy specimens were compared with their curettage specimens. RESULTS: A total number of 82 women; 48 (58.5%) postmenopausal and 34 (41.5%) premenopausal were determined to have EH on histopathological evaluation of endometrial tissues obtained by endometrial curettage performed for evaluation of various bleeding abnormalities. Mean-age of patients was 54.6?8.7. Among 82 patients found to have EH on curettage specimens 39 had EC on hysterectomy specimens (39/82. 47.5%). Consequently we determined well differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma in 66% (35/53) of the patients with hyperplasia with atypia (17/35. 48.5% Grade 1 and 18/35.51.4% Grade 2) and 13.7% (4/29) hyperplasia without atypia (4/4.100% Grade 1). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative diagnosis of endometrial pathology might be different from that of preoperative especially in cases with complex EH with atypia. Our study indicated that most of women diagnosed preoperatively with Atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) may have a cancer at final examination of hysterectomy specimens. It may be useful to operate patients with AEH in specific centers because of invasive endometrial cancer risk in final histopathological evaluation.

Multicenter analysis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the incidence, diagnosis and management of GTN among 28 centers in Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was designed to include GTN patients attending 28 centers in the 10-year period between January 2003 and May 2013. Demographical characteristics of the patients, histopathological diagnosis, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) anatomical and prognostic scores, use of single-agent and multi-agent chemotherapy, surgical interventions and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: From 2003-2013, there were 1,173,235 deliveries and 456 GTN cases at the 28 centers. The incidence was calculated to be 0.38 per 1,000 deliveries. According to the evaluated data of 364 patients, the median age at diagnosis was 31 years (range, 15-59 years). A histopathological diagnosis was present for 45.1% of the patients, and invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and PSTTs were diagnosed in 22.3% (n=81), 18.1% (n=66) and 4.7% (n=17) of the patients, respectively. Regarding final prognosis, 352 (96.7%) of the patients had remission, and 7 (1.9%) had persistence, whereas the disease was mortal for 5 (1.4%) of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the differences between countries, it is important to provide national registration systems and special clinics for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of GTN.

[Investigation of Chlamydia trachomatis with Cell Culture, DFA and PCR Methods in the Genital Swab Samples of Symptomatic Patients]. / Semptomatik Hastalarin Genital Sürüntü Örneklerinde Hücre Kültürü, DFA ve PCR Yöntemleriyle Chlamydia trachomatis'in Arastirilmasi

Chlamydia trachomatis infection is considered the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. C.trachomatis causes eye infections such as trachoma and newborn inclusion conjunctivitis, newborn pneumonia, genitourinary system infections and suppurative inguinal lymphadenitis namely lymphogranuloma venerum. The aim of this study was to investigate C.trachomatis by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cell culture methods in the clinical samples sent to the microbiology laboratory with the prediagnosis of genital infections. A total of 50 swab samples obtained from adult patients (49 female, 1 male) who were admitted to Erciyes University Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey between February-March 2010, were included in the study. C.trachomatis antigens were investigated by a commercial DFA (PathoDx, Remel, USA) method. McCoy cell cultures prepared in microplate wells were used for the isolation of C.trachomatis. The growth of C.trachomatis in cell cultures was confirmed by DFA and iodine staining methods. C.trachomatis DNA was investigated by commercially available PCR (Chlamydia trachomatis 330/740 IC; Sacace, Italy) method. In our study, 4 (8%) of the 50 swab samples were found positive with DFA, 1 (2%) was positive with cell culture, and 1 (2%) was positive with PCR. The only sample that gave positive results with all of the three methods was an urethral swab. Three cervical swab samples that were found positive only with DFA method was evaluated as false positivity. When cell culture was considered as the reference method, the sensitivity and specificity of DFA method were estimated as 100% and 94%, respectively, while those rates for PCR were 100% and 100%, respectively. In conclusion, although cell culture is still the gold standard in the diagnosis of C.trachomatis. infections, since it is time consuming and difficult to apply, more rapid and reliable PCR methods may be applied in diagnosis. DFA method which is practical and cheap, is preferred largely in routine laboratory practice. However, false negative and false positive DFA results should be prevented by the maintainence of good quality clinical specimens, evaluation of the test by experienced personnel and use of quality control samples in each run.

A Turkish Gynecologic Oncology Group study of fertility-sparing treatment for early-stage endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of fertility-sparing treatment of early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) in patients treated at Turkish gynecologic oncology centers, and to present a review of the literature. METHODS: Thirteen healthcare centers in Turkey were contacted to determine if they were eligible to participate in the study. Centers that were eligible and agreed to participate were sent a database form to record the demographic characteristics, clinicopathologic findings, and follow-up results for their EC patients. RESULTS: Eleven Turkish healthcare centers provided data on 43 EC patients. Mean duration of treatment was 5 months and mean follow-up was 49 months. In total, 35 (81.4%) patients were tumor free following primary progesterone therapy. Mean time from the end of progesterone therapy to pregnancy was 10.6 ± 4.3 months (range, 3-18 months). Two patients had tumor recurrence during follow-up. The pregnancy rate among the 31 women who actively sought pregnancy was 41.9% (n=13). CONCLUSION: Conservative management of early-stage EC in women of reproductive age using oral progestins was effective and did not compromise oncological outcome. Pregnancy in the study patients was achieved spontaneously and artificially.

An alternative classification of occupational hand injuries based on etiologic mechanisms: the ECOHI classification.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to construct an alternative classification system for occupational hand injuries based on etiologic mechanisms and to analyze the injury patterns resulting from various mechanisms. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients operated between January 2005 and December 2007 in two hand surgery units staffed by a team of hand surgeons was made. The patient files were retrospectively examined, and mechanisms causing the injuries were analyzed. Similar mechanisms were classified in the same groups, and the mechanism of injury was matched with type of injury often caused by this mechanism. In the classification of injuries, the tissues that were injured were taken as a basis for classification. 4120 upper extremity injuries were seen in the study hospitals, and 2188 (53.1%) of them were occupational injuries. There were 2063 males (94.3%) and 125 females (6.7%). The mean age was 28.2 (range: 15-71) years. RESULTS: Examination of the agents causing injury yielded 62 agents. Further examination of these agents showed that the mechanism by which they caused injury was similar in some agents, and these agents were placed in the same groups, which constituted the Etiologic Classification of Hand Injuries (ECOHI) classification. These groups of mechanisms were: cutting-penetrating, cutting-crushing, crushing-penetrating, crushing-compressing, crushing-burning, stinging, avulsing, electrical current, and chemical injuries and miscellaneous burns. The two most common mechanisms were crushing-compressing and cutting-crushing types, constituting 744 (34.0%) and 514 (23.5%) of injuries, respectively. CONCLUSION: We believe that ECOHI is important to form a common language for the classification of etiologic factors.

Oral tadalafil reduces intra-abdominal adhesion reformation in rats.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no ideal agent to prevent adhesion formation. We have shown that sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, reduces post-operative adhesion formation by vasodilatation and increases fibrinolytic activity. Here, we evaluated whether tadalafil, a long-acting PDE-5 inhibitor, decreases post-operative adhesion reformation in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized lesions were created in Wistar albino rats by cauterization of uterine horns and abrasion of adjacent peritonium. The extent and severity of adhesions were scored on the 14th post-operative day and adhesiolysis was performed at the second laparotomy. Animals were then assigned randomly into two groups. The study group (n = 11) received 10 mg/kg oral tadalafil by gavage 60 min before the second laparotomy and daily for 14 days afterwards. Controls (n = 11) received the same volume of tap water for 14 days by gavage. Animals were killed 15 days after adhesiolysis and adhesions were scored blind during the third laparotomy. RESULTS Basal adhesion scores at the time of the second laparotomy were comparable in the study and control groups. Scores for the extent of adhesion reformation in the study and control groups did not differ [median 1 (range 0-3) versus median 2 (range 1-3); P: 0.81] but tadalafil reduced the respective severity scores [median 0.5 (range 0-1) versus median 1 (range 0.5-1); P: 0.02] and total scores [median 2 (range 0-4) versus median 2.5 (range 1.5-4); P: 0.042]. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of tadalafil during the perioperative period reduces intra-abdominal adhesion reformation in rats.

The effects of metformin and letrozole on endometrium and ovary in a rat model.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of metformin and letrozole on endometrium and ovarian reserve were studied in a rat model. METHODS: Forty female Wistar albino mature rats at 8 weeks, weighing 180-260 g, were used for the study. These rats were randomly divided into four groups. Control group, eight rats, was given no medication by oral gavage. The rats in low-dose metformin group, 10 rats, were given 100 mg/kg/day of oral metformin. The rats in high-dose metformin group, 10 rats, were given 200 mg/kg/day of oral metformin. The rats in letrozole, 10 rats, were given 0.1 mg/kg/day of oral letrozole. RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference in the endometrial thickness between the treatment groups and control group. The primordial follicle count was comparable in all treatment groups compared with control. Finally, there was no significant difference in total follicle count between the treatment groups and control. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that both metformin and letrozole had similar effects on endometrium and ovary in the rat model. Additionally, metformin had a little effect on endometrium than letrozole. Although metformin and letrozole might have tendency to enhance the total follicle count in the rat model, they had comparable effects on ovarian follicles and did not change the ovarian reserve compared with control.

Prenatal diagnosis of fetal hypothyroidism after maternal radioactive iodine exposure during pregnancy.

A 33-year-old woman with a history of surgically treated papillary thyroid carcinoma was inadvertently given radioactive iodine when she was 16 weeks pregnant. Sonographic examination revealed fetal thyroid hypoplasia, and cordocentesis confirmed fetal hypothyroidism at 22 weeks. The pregnancy was terminated at 24 weeks. We report the first case of fetal thyroid hypoplasia diagnosed by ultrasound and cordocentesis.

The effects of metformin and letrozole on endometriosis and comparison of the two treatment agents in a rat model.

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to investigate the effects of metformin and letrozole on experimentally induced endometriosis in a rat model. METHODS: Endometriotic implants were surgically formed, and 38 rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 (control group, 8 rats) was given no medication. Group 2 (metformin group, 10 rats) was given 100 mg/kg/day of oral metformin. Group 3 (metformin group, 10 rats) was given 200 mg/kg/day of oral metformin. Group 4 (letrozole group, 10 rats) was given 0.1 mg/kg/day of oral letrozole. All rats continued to receive the treatment for 4 weeks and then were sacrificed to assess the size of implants and scores of adhesions. The histopathologic scores of implants in excised endometriotic foci were examined by a pathologist. RESULTS: The mean surface area of endometriotic implants was similar in all groups before the treatment. Although the area was not reduced in controls, it was found to be significantly reduced in all treatment groups (44.50 +/- 23.37, 5.90 +/- 2.37, 4.30 +/- 1.33, 6.90 +/- 3.72 mm(2), respectively; P < 0.05). The effect was comparable between the treatment groups. The histopathologic assessment revealed that the histopathologic score of implants was lowest after 100 mg/kg/day metformin. Additionally, metformin reduced the severity of adhesions. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin and letrozole caused a statistically significant regression of endometriotic implants. The effects of metformin on endometriotic tissue were at least comparable to letrozole.