Is ChatGPT reliable and accurate in answering pharmacotherapy-related inquiries in both Turkish and English?

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly ChatGPT, is becoming more and more prevalent in the healthcare field for tasks such as disease diagnosis and medical record analysis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the proficiency and accuracy of ChatGPT in different domains of clinical pharmacy cases and queries. METHODS: The study NAPLEX® Review Questions, 4th edition, pertaining to 10 different chronic conditions compared ChatGPT's responses to pharmacotherapy cases and questions obtained from McGraw Hill's, alongside the answers provided by the book's authors. The proportion of correct responses was collected and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. RESULTS: When tested in English, ChatGPT had substantially higher mean scores than when tested in Turkish. The average accurate score for English and Turkish was 0.41 ± 0.49 and 0.32 ± 0.46, respectively, p = 0.18. Responses to queries beginning with "Which of the following is correct?" are considerably more precise than those beginning with "Mark all the incorrect answers?" 0.66 ± 0.47 as opposed to 0.16 ± 0.36; p = 0.01 in English language and 0.50 ± 0.50 as opposed to 0.14 ± 0.34; p < 0.05in Turkish language. CONCLUSION: ChatGPT displayed a moderate level of accuracy while responding to English inquiries, but it displayed a slight level of accuracy when responding to Turkish inquiries, contingent upon the question format. Improving the accuracy of ChatGPT in languages other than English requires the incorporation of several components. The integration of the English version of ChatGPT into clinical practice has the potential to improve the effectiveness, precision, and standard of patient care provision by supplementing personal expertise and professional judgment. However, it is crucial to utilize technology as an adjunct and not a replacement for human decision-making and critical thinking.

A meta-analysis assessing the prevalence of drug-drug interactions among hospitalized patients.

PURPOSE: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs), particularly in hospitalized patients can result in adverse drug events and unfavorable health consequences. The aim of this meta-analysis is to provide up-to-date evidence on the prevalence of clinically evident adverse drug events due to DDIs in hospitalized patients. METHODS: Data from Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane and Web of Science were extracted using these keywords (Drug interaction/drug-drug interactions, Hospital/ hospitals, Adverse drug event, Hospitalized patients, inpatient, Department, Hospital stay, Harm, Mortality, death). The studies that include Observational studies on hospitalized patients, reporting potential DDIs using an electronic database, and reporting the clinically observed adverse drug interactions (ADI) through symptoms, signs or Laboratory tests are included. Using Open meta-Software (version 12.11.14), the incidence of clinically evident DDIs among hospitalized patients was determined and shown in a forest plot. RESULTS: Only 15 of the 8261 articles found through a literature search met the inclusion criteria and reported the desired outcome. The pooled prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions is 64.9% (CI 95% 0.618-0.736). While clinically evident DDIs have a pooled frequency of 17.17% (CI 95% 0.133-0.256). CONCLUSION: The issue of DDIs remains a significant concern in hospitalized patients, with a notable rise in their prevalence. This meta-analysis encompassed a greater quantity of studies and demonstrated a heightened proportion of drug-drug interaction prevalence in comparison to the percentages reported in the previously published meta-analysis.

Rational Use of vitamins during pregnancy and The pregnancy multivitamin products' available in Turkey.

Background: Despite the imperative role of sufficient vitamin intake during pregnancy, not all women are capable of following a balanced diet during these times. As an attempt to resolve the issue of micronutrient deficiencies, many women resort to the use of multivitamins; ones often made for pregnant women. Aim: The review aims to compare the Daily Recommended Dietary Allowance of each vitamin, micronutrient, and macronutrient with the doses available in a sample of products found in the Turkish markets, whether imported or manufactured in Turkey. Methods: The Daily Recommended Dietary Allowance doses were collected from the CDC, WHO, and IOM databases. The doses present in each product were gathered using the database offered by the Turkish pharmacist association "Tebrp" as well as RxMediaPharma. Elevit® and decavit® were selected as they've been approved by the Turkish Ministry of Health, while the other products were randomly chosen using a computer program. Results: Several formulations available in Turkey display higher or lower daily contents of vitamins and minerals than is normally ideal for pregnant women as specified by the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Formulations that exceed the recommended RDA while remaining underneath the tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) range for specific vitamins includes Pregnacare®, Decavit®, and Elevit®. Conclusion: All of these variances in multivitamin content must be considered by physicians and clinical pharmacists when selecting the appropriate multivitamin for pregnant women, taking into account all of the hazards and benefits that vitamin supplements may bring to fetus health and development.

Knowledge and attitude of students studying at health department towards HPV and HPV vaccination.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in the world. The most frequent disease linked to HPV is cervical cancer as well as other cancers including those of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx. Our research sought to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes concerning human papillomaviruses and their vaccine among students enrolled in Altinbas University's faculties of health sciences. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a survey containing 41 questions about demographic variables, knowledge, and attitudes toward HPV and HPV vaccines. The questions were distributed to students via Google form using social media applications such as WhatsApp. RESULTS: The study involved 144 students, 71.5 % of whom were female. 37.5 % of the participants learned about HPV from social media. Knowledge of HPV is present in 82 % of females and 25 % of males. Most of the questions had more accurate replies from female than from male students p < 0.05. As a result, 88 %, 46 %of female respondents and 27 %, 14 %of male respondents, respectively, correctly answered the questions about who should receive HPV vaccinations p < 0.001 and how many doses are necessary. CONCLUSION: Participants' awareness of HPV, HPV vaccination, and cervical cancer was rather high when compared to other research. However, there are knowledge gaps that need to be corrected and provided through educational programs.

Investigation of ceftazidime-avibactam susceptibility in clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria.

BACKGROUND: Our study investigated the susceptibility rate of ceftazidime-avibactam and the risk factors associated with its resistance by analyzing gram-negative bacteria isolated from various patient samples. METHODS: Between March and November 2020, 1119 gram-negative bacteria strains were isolated from patient samples in Acibadem Healthcare Group hospitals; ceftazidime-avibactam susceptibility results were evaluated using a 10/4µg (Oxoid, UK) disc and evaluated according to Eucast 2020 recommendations. Patient and isolate characteristics that could be risk factors were retrospectively investigated and statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.0. RESULTS: Male patients made up 52% (n = 581) of the study's total patient population, and they averaged 55.5 ± 24.9 years old. Of 1119 gram-negative strains culture and antibiogram, 1023 (91.4%) were sensitive to ceftazidime-avibactam. An increased risk of resistance was observed with female gender (OR = 2.29; CI 95% [1.45-3.61]; p < 0.05), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR = 1.67, CI 95% [1.03-2.7]; p < 0.05), the presence of multidrug-resistance (MDR) (OR = 4.07, CI 95% [2.47-6.7]; p < 0.05) pandrug-resistance (PDR) (OR = 12, (CI) 95% [9.9-14.7] ]; p < 0.05) and admission to intensive care unit (ICU) (OR = 1.89, CI 95% [1.22-2.93]; p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: The resistance rate of ceftazidime-avibactam was found to be 8.6%, and it was thought that resistant strains produced metallo-ß-lactamase (MBL) type carbapenemase. Risk factors were female gender, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MDR, PDR, and admission to ICU. Therefore, studying the ceftazidime-avibactam susceptibility test together with gram-negative bacteria identification, especially in groups at risk for resistance, is one of the important factors that can positively affect the success of treatment.

Determination of genotoxic effects of Imazethapyr herbicide in Allium cepa root cells by mitotic activity, chromosome aberration, and comet assay.

Imazethapyr (IM) is an imidazolinone herbicide that is currently used for broad-spectrum weed control in soybean and other legume crops. In this study, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of IM were investigated by using mitotic index (MI), mitotic phases, chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) and DNA damage on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa. In Allium root growth inhibition test, EC50 value was determined as 20 ppm, and 0.5xEC50, EC50 and 2xEC50 concentrations of IM herbicide were introduced to onion tuber roots. Distilled water and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS, 10 mg/L) were used as a negative and positive control, respectively. As A. cepa cell cycle is 24 hours, so, application process was carried out for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. All the applied doses decreased MIs compared to control group and these declines were found to be statistically meaningful. Analysis of the chromosomes showed that 10 ppm IM except for 48 h induced CAs but 40 ppm IM except for 72 h decreased CAs. DNA damage was found significantly higher in 20 and 40 ppm of IM compared to the control in comet assay. These results indicated that IM herbicide exhibits cytotoxic activity but not genotoxic activity (except 10 ppm) and induced DNA damage in a dose dependent manner in A. cepa root meristematic cells.

Duplex ultrasound evaluation of endoluminally treated aortic aneurysms with emphasis on diameter measurement: A comparison with computed tomography.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) for endoleak detection and measurement of the aneurysm diameter after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. METHODS: Forty-eight CDUS and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) examinations performed concurrently on 29 patients who were treated with endovascular stent grafts for abdominal aortic aneurysms were included in the study. CTA and CDUS findings were retrospectively compared for aneurysm diameter, patency of the graft, and the presence of leaks in the aneurysm's lumen (the so-called "endoleaks"). RESULTS: The stent graft was patent in all patients. Including the follow-up examinations, endoleaks were detected in a total of 17 CTA studies. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for CDUS compared with CTA as the gold standard were 100%, 96%, 94.4%, and 100%, respectively. Kappa statistics showed a high level of agreement between CDUS ant CTA examinations (χ = 0.95). The aneurysm diameters measured with CDUS and CTA were significantly different, but within 5 mm of each other in 83% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Provided that a strict CDUS protocol including spectral analysis of perigraft flow is used, CDUS is comparable to CTA for endoleak detection and measurement of the aneurysm diameter.

Rupture of a nonaneurysmal abdominal aorta due to spondylitis.

Contiguous arterial infections are extremely rare, and their actual rate of occurrence is not known. These infections occur as a result of direct invasion of an artery from an adjacent septic focus. Reaching the diagnosis of infected aorta is very difficult when there are contiguous infections from spondylitis or psoas abscess, because the clinical features are nonspecific. Although computed tomography is the most useful diagnostic tool in the detection of aortic infections, the most frequent findings mimic those of other diseases, such as retroperitoneal fibrosis, lymphoma, and periaortic lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis becomes even more challenging when an infected aorta is of normal diameter. Herein, we report the case of a 64-year-old man who experienced nonaneurysmal abdominal aortic rupture due to spondylitis and psoas abscess. Despite appropriate surgical management, the patient later died. We review the relevant medical literature and examine specific considerations that surround the diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition.