Nasal Microbiota and Sensitivity Pattern in Rhinosinusitis.

Aims: To know the microorganism causing rhinosinusitis & to study the antibiotic sensitivity pattern for the isolated nasal microbiota in this region. Background: Rhinosinusitis is inflammatory condition of nose and paranasal sinuses [1]. It is multifactorial condition, in which microorganisms play pathogenic role [2]. Interactions between microorganisms, mucosa and environmental changes influence on composition of bacterial ecosystem [2]. Though antibiotics are frequently used for medical management of rhinosinusitis, sensitivity directed antibiotics are rarely prescribed. So, this study is directed to know microbial isolate in rhinosinusitis and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Methodology: in this 6 months prospective study during March to September 2022, done at Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences, Raichur; patients attending Otorhinolaryngology outpatient department and diagnosed to have rhinosinusitis were selected. Nasal swabs were collected from the middle meatus by diagnostic nasal endoscopy and were sent for culture and sensitivity. Statistical tests were applied for results(Size = 100). Results: Out of 100 patients, 52 were males, 48 were females; 88 were adults & 12 were paediatric patients. 59 patients had acute, 32 chronic and 9 had recurrent rhinosinusitis. Most common organisms isolated in acute rhinosinusitis was Klebsiella 28%, Staphylococcus aureus 56% & 66% in chronic & recurrent rhinosinusitis respectively. Klebsiella was sensitive to beta lactams & quinolones, while Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to beta lactams & cephalosporins. Conclusion: Increase in antibiotic use has led to antibiotic resistance. Hence judicious, sensitivity directed antibiotic usage reduces the risk of antibiotic resistance and unnecessary use of antibiotics.

Modulation of reactive oxygen species in cancers: recent advances.

Oxidation-reduction reactions played a significant role in the chemical evolution of life forms on oxygenated earth. Cellular respiration is dependent on such redox reactions, and any imbalance leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in both chronic and acute illnesses. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), by 2040, the global burden of new cancer cases is expected to be around 27.5 million, with 16.3 million cancer deaths due to an increase in risk factors, such as unhealthy lifestyle, environmental factors, aberrant gene mutations, and resistance to therapies. ROS play an important role in cellular signaling, but they can cause severe damage to tissues when present at higher levels. Elevated and chronic levels of ROS are pertinent in carcinogenesis, while several therapeutic strategies rely on altering cellular ROS to eliminate tumor cells as they are more susceptible to ROS-induced damage than normal cells. Given this selective targeting potential, therapies that can effectively modulate ROS levels have been the focus of intense research in recent years. This review describes biologically relevant ROS, its origins in solid and hematological cancers, and the current status of evolving antioxidant and pro-oxidant therapies in cancers.