3D printed receptacle with diffuser membrane for manipulating pressurized air and water.

Water research is one of many fields where fused filament fabrication 3D printing offers the freedom of customization and the inclusion of commercial components. We present our 330 mL 3D printed laboratory receptacle that has been customized to control pressurized air and liquid in one body. During our tests, water has been stored without loss, and batches were frozen whilst circulating and diffusing air through the liquid. The printing has been optimized with the slicer software and gcode editing, letting the fused filament 3D printer to build a diffuser membrane surrounded by air-tight walls. Detailed construction instructions are given, including piping and control board for operation. According to the functionality of the receptacle and the aeration system, the solutions have been found durable and low-cost. Disadvantages are the time invested in creating customized code, and certain limitations of the membrane itself.

Design-support and performance estimation using HYDRUS/CW2D: a horizontal flow constructed wetland for polishing SBR effluent.

The 4,000 PE (700 m(3)/d) wastewater treatment plant at Balf, Hungary was based on sequencing batch reactor technology with phosphorus precipitation as the tertiary step. Its effluent met quality thresholds on average, with above-threshold peaks mainly in winter. The HYDRUS/CW2D model package (PC Progress s.r.o.) was used to simulate the treatment performance of a horizontal flow constructed wetland for polishing effluent. The goal of this study was to provide design-supportive information about the suitability of the proposed wetland and to prove the applicability of the computational tool used to gain that information. The simulations showed that the wetland with the proposed layout could not tackle peaks in NH4-N. Other effluent thresholds could be met, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen, total inorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus. The tool was unable to simulate COD and BOD5 removal in periods when the electron acceptors were depleted because anaerobic processes are not modelled. Using a tool of such complexity for designing carries excessive work demands and involves many uncertainties. The simulation study highlighted that the model used could still facilitate the design of an effective system by showing the weaknesses of a test scenario as it was demonstrated.

Both introns and long 3'-UTRs operate as cis-acting elements to trigger nonsense-mediated decay in plants.

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a eukaryotic quality control mechanism that identifies and eliminates aberrant mRNAs containing a premature termination codon (PTC). Although, key trans-acting NMD factors, UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3 are conserved in yeast and mammals, the cis-acting NMD elements are different. In yeast, short specific sequences or long 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) render an mRNA subject to NMD, while in mammals' 3'-UTR located introns trigger NMD. Plants also possess an NMD system, although little is known about how it functions. We have elaborated an agroinfiltration-based transient NMD assay system and defined the cis-acting elements that mediate plant NMD. We show that unusually long 3'-UTRs or the presence of introns in the 3'-UTR can subject mRNAs to NMD. These data suggest that both long 3'-UTR-based and intron-based PTC definition operated in the common ancestors of extant eukaryotes (stem eukaryotes) and support the theory that intron-based NMD facilitated the spreading of introns in stem eukaryotes. We have also identified plant UPF1 and showed that tethering of UPF1 to either the 5'- or 3'-UTR of an mRNA results in reduced transcript accumulation. Thus, plant UPF1 might bind to mRNA in a late, irreversible phase of NMD.

DoOP: Databases of Orthologous Promoters, collections of clusters of orthologous upstream sequences from chordates and plants.

DoOP (http://doop.abc.hu/) is a database of eukaryotic promoter sequences (upstream regions) aiming to facilitate the recognition of regulatory sites conserved between species. The annotated first exons of human and Arabidopsis thaliana genes were used as queries in BLAST searches to collect the most closely related orthologous first exon sequences from Chordata and Viridiplantae species. Up to 3000 bp DNA segments upstream from these first exons constitute the clusters in the chordate and plant sections of the Database of Orthologous Promoters. Release 1.0 of DoOP contains 21,061 chordate clusters from 284 different species and 7548 plant clusters from 269 different species. The database can be used to find and retrieve promoter sequences of a given gene from various species and it is also suitable to see the most trivial conserved sequence blocks in the orthologous upstream regions. Users can search DoOP with either sequence or text (annotation) to find promoter clusters of various genes. In addition to the sequence data, the positions of the conserved sequence blocks derived from multiple alignments, the positions of repetitive elements and the positions of transcription start sites known from the Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD) can be viewed graphically.