RESUMO
Pavlov and Cajal were two influential scientists who developed their work in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Both won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The authors analyze the similarities between their life and work, delving into a single aspect: the Nobel prize obtained by both with only two years of difference: Pavlov in 1904 and Cajal in 1906, shared with Camilo Golgi. Both belonged to two declining empires when nationalism was still of some importance. The theories proposed by them more than 115 years ago are still valid in much of what they contributed in their respective disciplines.
Assuntos
Prêmio Nobel , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , HumanosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Pavlov and Cajal were two influential scientists who developed their work in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Both won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The authors analyze the similarities between their life and work, delving into a single aspect: the Nobel prize obtained by both with only two years of difference: Pavlov in 1904 and Cajal in 1906, shared with Camilo Golgi. Both belonged to two declining empires when nationalism was still of some importance. The theories proposed by them more than 115 years ago are still valid in much of what they contributed in their respective disciplines.
RESUMEN Pavlov y Cajal fueron dos científicos influyentes que desarrollaron su trabajo a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Ambos ganaron el premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina. Los autores analizan las similitudes entre su vida y obra, profundizando en un solo aspecto: el premio Nobel obtenido por ambos con tan solo dos años de diferencia: Pavlov en 1904 y Cajal en 1906, compartido con Camilo Golgi. Ambos pertenecían a dos imperios en decadencia, en un momento en que el nacionalismo todavía tenía cierta importancia. Las teorías propuestas por ellos, hace más de 115 años, siguen vigentes en lo fundamental de lo que aportaron en sus respectivas disciplinas.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to examine parade horses auditory discrimination among four types of equine gaits: paso-fino (fine step), trote-reunido (two-beat trot), trocha (trot), and galope-reunido (gallop). Two experimentally naïve horses were trained to discriminate the sound of their own gait (paso-fino or fine step), through an experimental module that dispensed food if the subject pressed a lever after hearing a sound reproduction of a particular gait. Three experimental phases were developed, defined by theperiod of exposure to the sounds (20, 10, and 5 seconds, respectively). Thechoice between pairs of sounds including the horses own gait (fine stepand two-beat trot; fine step and gallop; and fine step and trot) was reinforceddifferentially. The results indicate that the fine step horses are able todiscriminate their own gait from others, and that receptivity to their ownsounds could be included in their training regime.
Esta investigación buscó examinar la discriminación auditiva de cuatro pasos equinos: paso-fino, trote-reunido, trocha y galope-reunido. Dos caballos de paso fino colombiano, experimentalmente ingenuos, fueron entrenados para discriminar el sonido de su propio paso (paso-fino), a través de un modulo experimental que dispensó comida si el sujeto presionaba una palanca luego de escuchar la reproducción sonora de un paso particular. Se efectuaron tres fases experimentales, definidas por el período de exposición a los sonidos (20, 10 y 5 segundos respectivamente). Se reforzó diferencialmente la elección entre pares de sonidos que incluían el propio paso del caballo (paso-fino vs. trote-reunido; paso-fino vs. trocha; paso-fino vs. galope reunido). Los resultados indican que los caballos de paso fino son capaces de discriminar su propio paso de otros y que la receptividad a sus propios sonidos podría ser incluida en sus regímenes de entrenamiento, con el fin de evitar el uso de estimulación aversiva para tal fin.