Riesgo de depresión en pacientes con Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según tiempo de evolución: Centro Diabetológico Aragua, Venezuela. 2011 / Depression risk patients with type 2 Diabetes (DM2) by year of development: Center Aragua Diabetologist 2011

In this study had as objective to describe the risk of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, according to years of evolution Diabetologico Center in Maracay, Aragua State. It was a cross sectional study with 45 patients, in whom was evaluated risk of depression with test "Yesavage" in its shortened version. Demographic variables were recorded and antiquity of diagnosis (0 to 5.6 to 9 and >10 years). The results reported average age 60 years; 57% female, 43% male; married 47 %, occupation in the Home 55 %; 54% schooling which primary studies were carried out and the risk of depression was in >10 years of evolution, was presented in the 80% depression established and with a 20% risk for depression, the degree of primary education is a key factor in living conditions that favors the risks and chronic complications of diabetes. Finally the patients with DM2 with more than 10 years of evolution, with female-dominated occupation of the home and with an average age of 67 years, are important determinants of quality of life. It is recommended the development of educational programs that enable them to generate changes in the style of life and decrease risk factors.

En este estudio se planteó como objetivo describir el riesgo de depresión en pacientes con diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, según años de evolución en Centro Diabetológico Maracay, Estado Aragua. Fue realizado un estudio transversal con 45 pacientes, en los cuales se evaluó riesgo de depresión con test "Yesavage" en su versión reducida. Se registraron variables sociodemográficas y antigüedad del diagnóstico (0 a 5,6 a 9 y >10 años). Los resultados reportaron edad promedio 60 años; 57% femenino, 43% masculino; casados 47%, ocupación en el Hogar 55%; Escolaridad 54% los cuales realizaron estudios primarios y el Riesgo de depresión fue en >10 años de evolución, se presentó en el 80% depresión establecida y un 20% con riesgo para depresión, El grado de instrucción primaria es un factor determinante de condiciones de vida que favorece los riesgos y complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes. Finalmente los pacientes con DM2 con más de 10 años de evolución, a predominio femenino con ocupación del Hogar y con edad promedio de 67 años, constituyen factores determinantes de calidad de vida. Se recomienda el desarrollo de programas educativos que permitan generar cambios del estilo de vida y la disminución de factores de riesgos.

Effects of a psychological intervention in a primary health care center for caregivers of dependent relatives: a randomized trial.

PURPOSE: To assess, in the context of Primary Health Care (PHC), the effect of a psychological intervention in mental health among caregivers (CGs) of dependent relatives. DESIGN AND METHODS: Randomized multicenter, controlled clinical trial. The 125 CGs included in the trial were receiving health care in PHC. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Identifying oneself as principal CG of a dependent relative with dementia or any other disability, and having performed this task for at least 6 months. CGs were randomized to an intervention group (cognitive-behavioral treatment for managing dysfunctional thoughts about caregiving and training in self-help techniques) or to a control group (care as usual). CG mental health (General Health Questionnaire [GHQ-12]), dysfunctional thoughts about caregiving, quality of life, and burden were measured. RESULTS: The intervention group showed improvement in mental health: A mean reduction in GHQ-12 score of -3.33 points was recorded in the intervention group vs. the control group (95% CI: -5.95 to -0.70; p = .01; Cohen d = 0.55). Improvement was also recorded in dysfunctional thoughts about caregiving: (-5.84; 95% CI: -10.60 to -1.09; p = .01; Cohen d = 0.62). Among the CGs that completed the initial and final assessments, a mean of 4.77 (SD 2.68) attended a maximum of 8 sessions. Men attended more often (5.00 sessions with SD 2.68) than women (4.70 sessions with SD 2.45; p < .001). IMPLICATIONS: Psychological group intervention in the context of PHC, aimed at the CGs of dependent persons with dementia and other disabilities, has improved mental health condition in CGs.

Relationships between quality of life and family function in caregiver.

BACKGROUND: There are caregivers who see their quality of life (QoL) impaired due to the demands of their caregiving tasks, while others manage to adapt and overcome the crises successfully. The influence of the family function in the main caregiver's situation has not been the subject of much evaluation. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between the functionality of the family and the QoL of caregivers of dependent relatives. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 153 caregivers. SETTING: Two health centers in the city of Salamanca(Spain). Caregiver variables analysed: demographic characteristics, care recipient features; family functionality (Family APGAR-Q) and QoL (Ruiz-Baca-Q) perceived by the caregiver. Five multiple regressions are performed considering global QoL and each of the four QoL dimensions as dependent variables. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to study the influence of the family function questionnaire on QoL. RESULTS: Family function is the only one of the variables evaluated that presented an association both with global QoL and with each of the four individual dimensions (p<0.05). Using the CCA, we found that the physical and mental well-being dimensions are the ones which present a closer relationship with family functionality, while social support is the quality dimension that is least influenced by the Family APGAR-Q. CONCLUSION: We find an association between family functionality and the caregiver's QoL. This relation holds for both the global measure of QoL and each of its four individual dimensions.

Leisure and distress in caregivers for elderly patients.

Caregiving for the elderly has been linked to mental and physical problems in those providing the care. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of leisure on caregiver's burden and mental health. Drawing on the stress and coping model, 134 caregiver/care-recipient dyads were assessed. In addition to caregivers' perception of their leisure time, social support, burden and mental health, care-recipients' functional and mental status were also measured. The results of a set of hierarchical regression analyses showed that caregivers' perceptions of their leisure time were significantly negatively related to burden and mental health problems (p<0.01), even after socio-demographic variables, care recipient's functional status and caregiver's social support had been controlled. The results of this study suggest that leisure time has a significant impact on caregiver's psychological well-being, and appears to be an important issue for buffering caregiver distress.

Función familiar y salud mental del cuidador de familiares con dependencia / Family function and the mental health of the career of the dependent relative

ObjetivoAnalizar la influencia de la función familiar en la salud mental percibida por los cuidadores de familiares con dependencia.DiseñoEstudio observacional descriptivo transversal.EmplazamientoDos centros de salud urbanos.ParticipantesCiento cincuenta y tres cuidadores de familiares dependientes.Mediciones principalesVariables sociodemográficas del cuidador y del paciente dependiente y consumo de psicofármacos por el cuidador. Se utilizaron cuestionarios en el cuidador para valorar la salud mental general (GHQ [General Health Questionnaire ‘cuestionario general de salud’]-12 de Goldberg), la función familiar (APGAR [adaptation, partnership, growth, affection and resolve ‘adaptación, asociación, crecimiento, afecto y resolución’] familiar) y el apoyo social (Duke University-University of North Carolina). En el paciente dependiente, el deterioro cognitivo se evaluó con el cuestionario de Pfeiffer y el grado de dependencia funcional con el índice de Barthel.ResultadosLa edad media de los cuidadores fue de 63,8 años; 111 (72,5%) eran mujeres, el 57% tenía estudios primarios y el 37,1% tomaba psicofármacos. Más del 40% de los familiares dependientes presentó deterioro cognitivo importante y el grado de dependencia funcional total fue del 49,7%. Un 27% de los cuidadores presentaba deterioro de la salud mental, las familias se percibían como disfuncionales en un 31,3% y un 32,7% tenía escaso apoyo social. Las variables asociadas al deterioro de la salud mental de los cuidadores fueron el consumo de psicofármacos, la disfuncionalidad familiar, el escaso apoyo social y el bajo nivel educativo.ConclusiónLa función familiar es un importante predictor de la salud mental de los cuidadores de pacientes dependientes(AU)

ObjectiveTo analyse the influence of family function on the caregiver's perceived mental health.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwo primary care urban health centres.Participants153 caregivers of dependent people.MeasurementSociodemographic variables of caregiver and dependent relative and psychoactive drugs prescribed to caregiver. Caregiver questionnaires: mental health evaluated with General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), family function with adaptation, partnership, growth, affection and resolve (APGAR), and Duke University-University of North Carolina functional social support questionnaire. Care-recipient questionnaires: cognitive disorders with Pfeiffer and functional dependence level with Barthel.ResultsCaregiver's mean age was 63.8 years; 72.5% (n=111) were female; 57.5% have only primary school studies; and 37.1% take psychoactive drugs. More than 40% of the care-receivers have cognitive disorders and 49.7% have total functional impairment. According to the GHQ-12, 27% of the caregivers had mental health disorders; 31.3% of the families were dysfunctional and 32.7% had poor social support. The variables that significantly contributed to the explanation of caregiver's mental health have been: psychoactive drug intake, family function, social support and educational level.ConclusionFamily function is an important predictor of caregiver's mental health(AU)

[Family function and the mental health of the caregiver of dependent relatives]. / Función familiar y salud mental del cuidador de familiares con dependencia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the influence of family function on the caregiver's perceived mental health. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Two primary care urban health centres. PARTICIPANTS: 153 caregivers of dependent people. MEASUREMENT: Sociodemographic variables of caregiver and dependent relative and psychoactive drugs prescribed to caregiver. Caregiver questionnaires: mental health evaluated with General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), family function with adaptation, partnership, growth, affection and resolve (APGAR), and Duke University-University of North Carolina functional social support questionnaire. Care-recipient questionnaires: cognitive disorders with Pfeiffer and functional dependence level with Barthel. RESULTS: Caregiver's mean age was 63.8 years; 72.5% (n=111) were female; 57.5% have only primary school studies; and 37.1% take psychoactive drugs. More than 40% of the care-receivers have cognitive disorders and 49.7% have total functional impairment. According to the GHQ-12, 27% of the caregivers had mental health disorders; 31.3% of the families were dysfunctional and 32.7% had poor social support. The variables that significantly contributed to the explanation of caregiver's mental health have been: psychoactive drug intake, family function, social support and educational level. CONCLUSION: Family function is an important predictor of caregiver's mental health.