Obesity related risk for chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular disease after propensity score matching / Riesgo relacionado con la obesidad para la progresión de insuficiencia renal crónica y enfermedad cardiovascular tras emparejamiento por puntaje de propensión

Introduction: Obesity is a major health problem worldwide. It carries a markedly increased risk for multiple diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). To complicate an already difficult topic a new subtype of obesity has been defined lately, the metabolically healthy obese. Our study aimed to clarify the association between obesity, metabolic syndrome and kidney disease progression. Methods: Observational retrospective single centre study including 212 patients with stage 3–4 CKD with no previous history of rapid kidney disease progression. Patients were divided according to BMI status and presence of metabolic syndrome. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory data were collected to follow-up. Propensity score matching was performed for age, albuminuria and baseline renal function. During follow-up renal and cardiovascular events were recorded. Results: After a mean follow-up of 88.44±36.07 months a total of 18 patients reached the renal outcome in the non-obese group and 21 in the obese group. Differences were not statistically significant (log rank=0.21: p=0.64). Multiple Cox regression analysis showed that obesity was not predictor for worse renal outcomes [HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.45–2.24; p=0.97]. When stratifying the sample according to baseline metabolic syndrome and obesity presence there was no difference in renal survival (log rank=0.852; p=0.35) (AU)

Introducción: La obesidad es un problema mayor de salud a nivel mundial. Comporta un considerable incremento del riesgo de múltiples enfermedades tales como diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión, enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) e insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC). Para complicar un tema ya difícil, se ha definido recientemente un nuevo subtipo de obesidad: el obeso metabólicamente sano. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue aclarar la asociación entre obesidad, síndrome metabólico y progresión de la enfermedad renal. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo unicéntrico que incluyó a 212 pacientes con IRC estadio 3 a 4, sin antecedentes de progresión rápida de la enfermedad renal. Se dividió a los pacientes conforme a su situación de índice de masa corporal (IMC) y presencia de síndrome metabólico (SM). Durante el seguimiento se recopilaron los datos antropométricos, clínicos y de laboratorio. Se realizó el emparejamiento por puntaje de propensión (Propensity score matching) para edad, albuminuria y función renal nasal. Durante el seguimiento se registraron los episodios renales y cardiovasculares. Resultados: Tras un seguimiento medio de 88,44 ± 36,07 meses, un total de 18 pacientes logró el resultado renal en el grupo de no obesos, y 21 en el grupo de obesos. Las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas (log rank=0,21: p = 0,64). El análisis de regresión múltiple de Cox mostró que la obesidad no era un factor predictivo para peores resultados renales [HR 1,01, IC95% 0,45–2,24; p 0,97]. Al estratificar la muestra con arreglo a síndrome metabólico basal y presencia de obesidad no existió diferencia en cuanto a la supervivencia renal (log rank = 0,852; p = 0,35). (AU)

Obesity related risk for chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular disease after propensity score matching.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a major health problem worldwide. It carries a markedly increased risk for multiple diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). To complicate an already difficult topic a new subtype of obesity has been defined lately, the metabolically healthy obese. Our study aimed to clarify the association between obesity, metabolic syndrome and kidney disease progression. METHODS: Observational retrospective single centre study including 212 patients with stage 3-4 CKD with no previous history of rapid kidney disease progression. Patients were divided according to BMI status and presence of metabolic syndrome. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory data were collected to follow-up. Propensity score matching was performed for age, albuminuria and baseline renal function. During follow-up renal and cardiovascular events were recorded. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 88.44±36.07 months a total of 18 patients reached the renal outcome in the non-obese group and 21 in the obese group. Differences were not statistically significant (log rank=0.21: p=0.64). Multiple Cox regression analysis showed that obesity was not predictor for worse renal outcomes [HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.45-2.24; p=0.97]. When stratifying the sample according to baseline metabolic syndrome and obesity presence there was no difference in renal survival (log rank=0.852; p=0.35) A total of 48 cardiovascular events were registered: seventeen in the non-obese group and thirty-one in the obese group. Differences in event-free time between both groups were statistically significant (log rank=4.44;p=0.035), especially after four years of follow-up. After stratifying for MS and obesity presence at baseline the event-free time differences where again statistically significant (log rank=16.86;p=0.001), specially for the obese patients with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity has little impact on chronic kidney disease progression despite the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome in a cohort matched for age, baseline renal function and albuminuria. Obesity conferred greater cardiovascular risk when combined with metabolic syndrome.

Progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con hipertensión resistente sometidos a 2 estrategias terapéuticas: intensificación con diuréticos de asa vs. antagonistas de la aldosterona / Chronic kidney disease progression in patients with resistant hypertension subject to 2 therapeutic strategies: Intensification with loop diuretics vs aldosterone antagonists

INTRODUCCIÓN: En la actualidad, existen pocos datos sobre la evolución de la función renal en pacientes con hipertensión arterial (HTA) resistente y enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), así como de la influencia de diferentes tipos de tratamiento en dicha progresión. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la progresión de la ERC en pacientes con ERC e HTA resistente tratados mediante 2 estrategias terapéuticas diferentes: tratamiento con espironolactona vs. furosemida. MÉTODOS: Incluimos a 30 pacientes (21 H, 9M) con una edad media de 66,3 ± 9,1 años, FGe 55,8 ± 16,5 ml/min/1,73 m2, PAS 162,8 ± 8,2 y PAD 90,2 ± 6,2 mmHg: 15 tratados con espironolactona y 15 con furosemida, seguidos durante un tiempo medio de 32 meses (28-41). RESULTADOS: El descenso medio anual del FGe fue de -2,8 ± 5,4 ml/min/1,73 m2. En el grupo de espironolactona fue de -2,1 ± 4,8ml/min/1,73 m2 y en el de furosemida -3,2 ± 5,6 ml/min/1,73 m2, p < 0,01. En los pacientes con espironolactona la PAS disminuyó 23 ± 9 mmHg vs. 16 ± 3mmHg en el grupo de furosemida (p < 0,01). La PAD se redujo 10 ± 8 mmHg y 6 ± 2 mmHg, respectivamente (p < 0,01). El tratamiento con espironolactona redujo la albuminuria de una mediana de 210 (121-385) mg/g a 65 (45-120) mg/g al final del seguimiento, p < 0,01. En el grupo de furosemida la albuminuria no descendió. La progresión más lenta en la enfermedad renal se asoció con una menor PAS (p = 0,04), mayor FGe basal (p = 0,01), menor albuminuria (p = 0,01), no tener diabetes mellitus (p = 0,01) y recibir tratamiento con espironolactona (p = 0,02). El tratamiento con espironolactona (OR 2,13; IC 1,89-2,29) y la menor albuminuria (OR 0,98; IC 0,97-0,99) mantienen su poder predictivo independiente en un modelo multivariante. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento con espironolactona reduce más la presión arterial y la albuminuria en pacientes con HTA resistente comparado con la furosemida y esto se asocia con una progresión más lenta de la ERC a largo plazo

INTRODUCTION: Actualy, there are few data about glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) drop in patients with resistant hypertension and how diferent therapies can modify chronic kidney disease progression (CKD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate CKD progression in patients with resistant hypertension undergoing 2 diferent therapies: treatment with spironolactone or furosemide. METHODS: We included 30 patients (21 M, 9 W) with a mean age of 66.3 ± 9.1 years, eGFR 55.8 ± 16.5 ml/min/1.73 m2, SBP 162.8 ± 8.2 and DBP 90.2 ± 6.2 mmHg: 15 patients received spironolactone and 15 furosemide and we followed up them a median of 32 months (28-41). RESULTS: The mean annual eGFR decrease was -2.8 ± 5.4 ml/min/1.73 m2. In spironolactone group was -2.1 ± 4.8 ml/min/1.73 m2 and in furosemide group was -3.2 ± 5.6 ml/min/1.73 m2, P < 0.01. In patients received spironolactone, SBP decreased 23 ± 9 mmHg and in furosemide group decreased 16 ± 3 mmHg, P<.01. DBP decreased 10 ± 8 mmHg and 6 ± 2mmHg, respectively (P<.01). Treatment with spironolactone reduced albuminuria from a serum albumin/creatine ratio of 210 (121-385) mg/g to 65 (45-120) mg/g at the end of follow-up, P<.01. There were no significant changes in the albumin/creatinine ratio in the furosemide group. The slower drop in kidney function was associated with lower SBP (P=.04), higher GFR (P=.01), lower albuminuria (P=.01), not diabetes mellitus (P=.01) and treatment with spironolactone (P=.02). Treatment with spironolactone (OR 2.13, IC 1.89-2.29) and lower albuminuria (OR 0.98, CI 0.97-0.99) maintain their independent predictive power in a multivariate model. CONCLUSION: Treatment with spironolactone is more effective reducing BP and albuminuria in patients with resistant hypertension compared with furosemide and it is associated with a slower progression of CKD in the long term follow up

Chronic kidney disease progression in patients with resistant hypertension subject to 2 therapeutic strategies: Intensification with loop diuretics vs aldosterone antagonists. / Progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con hipertensión resistente sometidos a 2 estrategias terapéuticas: intensificación con diuréticos de asa vs. antagonistas de la aldosterona.

INTRODUCTION: Actualy, there are few data about glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) drop in patients with resistant hypertension and how diferent therapies can modify chronic kidney disease progression (CKD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate CKD progression in patients with resistant hypertension undergoing 2diferent therapies: treatment with spironolactone or furosemide. METHODS: We included 30 patients (21M, 9W) with a mean age of 66.3±9.1 years, eGFR 55.8±16.5ml/min/1.73 m2, SBP 162.8±8.2 and DBP 90.2±6.2mmHg: 15 patients received spironolactone and 15 furosemide and we followed up them a median of 32 months (28-41). RESULTS: The mean annual eGFR decrease was -2.8±5.4ml/min/1.73 m2. In spironolactone group was -2.1±4.8ml/min/1.73 m2 and in furosemide group was -3.2±5.6ml/min/1.73 m2, P<0.01. In patients received spironolactone, SBP decreased 23±9mmHg and in furosemide group decreased 16±3mmHg, P<.01. DBP decreased 10±8mmHg and 6±2mmHg, respectively (P<.01). Treatment with spironolactone reduced albuminuria from a serum albumin/creatine ratio of 210 (121-385) mg/g to 65 (45-120) mg/g at the end of follow-up, P<.01. There were no significant changes in the albumin/creatinine ratio in the furosemide group. The slower drop in kidney function was associated with lower SBP (P=.04), higher GFR (P=.01), lower albuminuria (P=.01), not diabetes mellitus (P=.01) and treatment with spironolactone (P=.02). Treatment with spironolactone (OR 2.13, IC 1.89-2.29) and lower albuminuria (OR 0.98, CI 0.97-0.99) maintain their independent predictive power in a multivariate model. CONCLUSION: Treatment with spironolactone is more effective reducing BP and albuminuria in patients with resistant hypertension compared with furosemide and it is associated with a slower progression of CKD in the long term follow up.

The non-casual relation between eosinophilia and thrombotic microangiopathy.

There are only a few cases in the literature that describes the association between hypereosinophilic syndromes and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Here we present the case of a man who suddenly developed a TMA in the context of eosinophilic pneumonia, who recovered successfully with six sessions of plasmapheresis and corticoids. Although the Pathophysiology is unknown, we hypothesize about the prothrombotic effects of the eosinophils. Also we describe a literature review.

The phase angle of the electrical impedance is a predictor of long-term survival in dialysis patients.

INTRODUCTION: Protein-energy malnutrition is a risk factor for mortality in dialysis patients; however, its clinical assessment has not been well defined. Electrical bioimpedance (EBI) is a non-invasive and objective procedure, which is increasingly being used for this assessment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between the phase angle determined by EBI at a frequency of 50kHz (AF50) and other nutritional parameters, and prospectively evaluate its ability as a marker for long-term mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 164 patients (127 on haemodialysis and 37 on peritoneal dialysis) who underwent an EBI analysis while simultaneously determining inflammation and nutrition parameters. The Charlson comorbidity index was then calculated. RESULTS: In the linear correlation analysis, we found that the AF50 had a direct association with lean mass, intracellular water, extracellular water and interdialytic weight gain, while having an inverse association with age and fat mass. Patients with AF50 >8º had a better nutritional status, were younger and had significantly longer survival at the six-year follow-up. Among the patients studied, both the AF50 and the other body composition parameters were better in peritoneal dialysis than in haemodialysis, but these differences may be attributable to the fact that the first patients were younger. In the multivariate analysis, only the AF50 <8º and comorbidity adjusted for age persisted as independent risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that AF50 has a good correlation with nutritional parameters and is a good marker of survival in dialysis patients. Nevertheless, intervention studies are needed to demonstrate if the improvement in EBI parameters is associated with better survival.

El ángulo de fase de la impedancia eléctrica es un predictor de supervivencia a largo plazo en pacientes en diálisis / The phase angle of the electrical impedance is a predictor of long-term survival in dialysis patients

Introducción: La malnutrición calórico-proteica es un factor de riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes en diálisis, sin embargo, su valoración clínica no ha sido bien definida. La bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIE) es un procedimiento no invasivo y objetivo, cada vez más empleado en su valoración. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre el ángulo de fase determinado por BIE a una frecuencia de 50 kHz (AF50) con otros parámetros de nutrición y valorar prospectivamente su capacidad como marcador pronóstico de mortalidad a largo plazo. Pacientes y métodos: Incluimos a 164 pacientes, 127 en hemodiálisis y 37 en diálisis peritoneal, a los que se les realiza un análisis de BIE al tiempo que se solicitan parámetros de inflamación y nutrición y se calcula el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson. Resultados: En el análisis de correlación lineal, encontramos que el AF50 tiene una asociación directa con la masa magra, con el agua intracelular, con el agua extracelular y con la ganancia de peso interdiálisis, mientras que se asocia de forma inversa con la edad, con la masa grasa y con el log PCR. Los pacientes con AF50 >8o presentan un mejor estado nutricional, son más jóvenes y tienen una supervivencia significativamente mejor a los seis años de seguimiento. Entre los pacientes (..) (AU)

Introduction: Protein-energy malnutrition is a risk factor for mortality in dialysis patients; however, its clinical assessment has not been well defined. Electrical bioimpedance (EBI) is a non-invasive and objective procedure, which is increasingly being used for this assessment. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between the phase angle determined by EBI at a frequency of 50kHz (AF50) and other nutritional parameters, and prospectively evaluate its ability as a marker for long-term mortality. Patients and methods: We included 164 patients (127 on haemodialysis and 37 on peritoneal dialysis) who underwent an EBI analysis while simultaneously determining inflammation and nutrition parameters. The Charlson comorbidity index was then calculated. Results: In the linear correlation analysis, we found that the AF50 had a direct association with lean mass, intracellular water, extracellular water and interdialytic weight gain, while having an inverse association with age and fat mass. Patients with AF50 >8o had a better nutritional status, were younger and had significantly longer survival at the six-year follow-up. Among the patients studied, both the AF50 and the other body composition parameters were better in peritoneal dialysis than in haemodialysis, but these differences may be attributable to the fact that the first patients were younger. In the multivariate analysis, only the AF50 <8o and comorbidity adjusted for age persisted as independent risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: We conclude that AF50 has a good correlation with nutritional parameters and is a good marker of survival in dialysis patients. Nevertheless, intervention studies are needed to demonstrate if the improvement in EBI parameters is associated with better survival (..) (AU)

Enfermedad por anticuerpos antimembrana basal y hematoma de los rectos / No disponible

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[Renal infarction and acute renal failure induced by cocaine]. / Infarto renal e insuficiencia renal aguda por consumo de cocaína.

We describe the case of a 36 year old man, habitual consumer of cocaine, who after the inhaled cocaine consumption develops acute renal failure secondary to massive left and segmental right renal infarction. Although the most frequent complications associated to cocaine consumption are of cardiovascular and neurological nature, the kidney can be frequently affected.

Infarto renal e insuficiencia renal aguda por consumo de cocaína / Renal infarction and acute renal failure due to cocaine use

Describimos el caso de un varón de 36 años, consumidor habitual de cocaína, que desarrolla un cuadro de insuficiencia renal aguda, secundario a infarto isquémico masivo en riñón izquierdo y segmentario en el riñón derecho. Las complicaciones más frecuentemente asociadas al uso de cocaína son de índole cardiovascular y neurológica, sin embargo, la afectación renal es frecuente (AU)

We describe the case of a 36 year old man, habitual consumer of cocaine, who after the inhaled cocaine consumption develops acute renal failure secondary to massive left and segmental right renal infarction. Although the most frequent complications associated to cocaine consumption are of cardiovascular and neurological nature, the kidney can be frequently affected (AU)

Fracaso renal agudo secundario a rabdomiólisis por déficit de carnitin palmitoil transferasa / Acute renal failure due to carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency

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