The role of motivation in shaping social inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities in physical-sports activity contexts.

The present study aims to test a model in which basic psychological needs (BPN) satisfaction in physical-sport activity contexts is associated with self-determined motivation, which, in turn, would predict the social inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities. A total of 286 people with intellectual disabilities (53.5% men) who reported engaging in physical-sport activities responded to a validated questionnaire about the satisfaction of their BPN, motivation (using the Self-determination index [SDI]), and social inclusion. A Pearson's bivariate correlation and structural equation modeling were conducted. The resulting model was reanalyzed in a multigroup analysis to test its invariance across self and proxy reports. Positive associations were found between the satisfaction of the BPN and the SDI. However, the SDI and social inclusion were positively associated only in proxy reports (ßself = 0.07 vs. ßproxy = 0.30). The tested model established positive relationships between the BPN and SDI in autonomy (ßself = 0.21 vs. ßproxy = 0.18), competence (ßself = 0.47 vs. ßproxy = 0.53), and relatedness (ßself = 0.21 vs. ßproxy = 0.23). Further research is needed to understand the factors leading to discrepancies between participants and proxies when relating the SDI to social inclusion in the context of physical-sport activity. However, the results obtained suggest that it would be optimal to develop contexts of practice for people with intellectual disabilities in which the satisfaction of their BPN is favored and that this has a positive impact on their motivation and social inclusion.

Analysis of the motor behaviour of people without specific dance training in improvisation tasks: Influence of mirror and partner.

This study aims to analyse the influence of the mirror and/or partner constraints on the motor creativity of women without specific training in dance during improvisation tasks, in order to contribute to the knowledge of creativity in the field of sports science and movement-based practices. We studied the exploratory behaviour and emerging movement patterns of 12 women who performed four improvisations under the following situations: individual without mirror; individual with mirror; partner without mirror; and partner with mirror. The dynamic overlap qd(t) was calculated to identify the exploratory dynamics composed of the exploratory amplitude and the rate of change between movement configurations. To determine emerging movement patterns, a principal component analysis was carried out by ad hoc routines prepared. A mixed linear model was performed to find out the influence of the different constraints on the exploratory behaviour. The results indicate that the presence of the mirror seems to provoke a decrease in the exploratory behaviour. In addition, partner improvisation favoured coupling and imitation dynamics among the participants. Likewise, the most recurrent emergent movement pattern was walking while moving the arms. It would be advisable to take the influence of these constraints into consideration depending on the improvisation purpose and the experience level of female participants.

Physical Activity and Quality of Life among People with Intellectual Disabilities: The Role of Gender and the Practice Characteristics.

Staying physically active is synonymous with good health and well-being, and its benefits on the health of people with intellectual disabilities (PWIDs) have been studied. However, there is a lack of information on how it can influence their quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to analyze the relationship between QoL and physical activity in PWIDs according to gender and the characteristics of the practiced activity. A questionnaire was administered to 380 PWIDs (mean age of 28.23 ± 12.53), 54.21% of which were men. The QoL dimensions and second-order factors were studied in relation to practicing physical activity, the practice type, the context, and gender. The results indicate that people who practiced any activity showed better QoL values. Those who engaged in a nonregulated physical activity had better values in self-determination, emotional well-being, social inclusion, and personal development, while those who did sports presented higher scores in interpersonal relationships and physical well-being. In addition, it also appears that the association between physical activity and the QoL dimensions is distinct in inclusive and specific contexts. In conclusion, physical activity is related to a better QoL, although the impact of the practice type and context differs for each QoL dimension.