Differential Experience of Interdose Withdrawal During Long-Term Opioid Therapy and its Association With Patient and Treatment Characteristics: A Latent Class Analysis in Chronic Pain Population.

Opioid withdrawal is characterized by a set of physical and psychological symptoms that depend on both opioid and patient specific characteristics. The present study aims to identify different latent classes of chronic pain patients according to the type of opioid withdrawal symptoms experienced, and to analyze the relationships between the classes and demographic, opioid therapy, psychological and substance use variables. This cross-sectional descriptive study included 391 chronic pain patients on long-term opioid therapy. A Latent Class Analysis (LCA) identified 3 classes (BIC = 7051.89, entropy = .87, LRTs P < .01). The mild withdrawal class showed low probabilities of presenting physical and psychological symptoms, the moderate withdrawal class was characterized by experiencing psychological symptoms, and the severe withdrawal class stood out for high probabilities of presenting both types of symptoms. The classes differed from each other, with higher rates of moderate-severe POUD, opioid misuse, anxiety, depression, and greater pain intensity and interference in more severe withdrawal classes (P < .05). The multinomial logistic regression showed that moderate-severe POUD and anxiety were the strongest variables related to moderate (ORPOUD = 3.34, ORAnxiety = 2.58) and severe withdrawal classes (ORPOUD = 4.26, ORAnxiety = 5.15). Considering that POUD and anxiety were strongly related to a more severe withdrawal syndrome, the inclusion of psychological interventions in pain management seems critical in this population. PERSPECTIVE: Although interdose opioid withdrawal is common in chronic pain patients, this study shows 3 different patterns in its experience (mild, moderate, and severe withdrawal). A more severe withdrawal may result in reduced effectiveness of opioids in relieving pain and increased negative consequences, such as higher risk of POUD. Findings that could help improve chronic pain management.

Clinical and psychological factors associated with interdose opioid withdrawal in chronic pain population.

BACKGROUND: The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Prescription Opioid-Use Disorder (POUD) have undergone some significant changes. One of the most controversial changes has been the elimination of the withdrawal symptoms criterion when opioid use is under appropriate medical supervision. For this reason, the goal of this study was to analyze factors associated with opioid withdrawal in patients with chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP). METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study involved 404 patients who use prescription opioids for long-term treatment (≥90 days) of CNCP. Measures included sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, POUD, withdrawal symptoms, craving, anxiety-depressive symptoms, and pain intensity and interference. RESULTS: Forty-seven percent (n = 193) of the sample reported moderate-severe withdrawal symptoms, which were associated with lower age, higher daily morphine dose and duration of treatment with opioids, moderate-severe POUD, use of psychotropic drugs, higher anxiety-depressive symptoms, and greater pain intensity and interference (p < .05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that moderate-severe POUD (OR = 2.82), anxiety (OR = 2.21), depression (OR = 1.81), higher pain interference (OR = 1.05), and longer duration of treatment with opioids were the strongest factors associated with moderate-severe withdrawal symptoms (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Psychological factors seem to play a key role in the severity of withdrawal symptoms. Since greater intensity of these symptoms increases the risk of developing POUD, knowing the factors associated with withdrawal may be useful in developing preventive psychological interventions.

Reduction of ventilatory time using the multidisciplinary disconnection protocol. Pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: compare ventilatory time between patients with the application of a disconnection protocol, managed in a coordinated way between doctor and nurse, with patients managed exclusively by the doctor. METHOD: experimental pilot study before and after. Twenty-five patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for 24 hours or more were included, and the protocol-guided group was compared with the protocol-free group managed according to usual practice. RESULTS: by means of the multidisciplinary protocol, the time of invasive mechanical ventilation was reduced (141.94 ± 114.50 vs 113.18 ± 55.14; overall decrease of almost 29 hours), the time spent on weaning (24 hours vs 7.40 hours) and the numbers of reintubation (13% vs 0%) in comparison with the group in which the nurse did not participate. The time to weaning was shorter in the retrospective cohort (2 days vs. 5 days), as was the hospital stay (7 days vs. 9 days). CONCLUSION: the use of a multidisciplinary protocol reduces the duration of weaning, the total time of invasive mechanical ventilation and reintubations. The more active role of the nurse is a fundamental tool to obtain better results.

Withdrawal symptoms predict prescription opioid dependence in chronic pain patients.

BACKGROUND: The last version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes substantial changes for prescription opioid-use disorder (POUD). After its removal as a criterion, the goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of withdrawal symptoms in long-term users of prescription opioids and its association with the new DSM-5 POUD classification. METHODS: Data were collected from 215 long-term consumers of opioid medication who were chronic non-cancer pain patients. Participants completed sociodemographic, Adjective Rating Scale for Withdrawal (ARSW), opioid treatment characteristics, POUD criteria (DSM-5), and pain intensity measurements. RESULTS: 26.6% of the participants were classified with moderate to severe POUD. Higher intensity of withdrawal symptoms was found in patients with moderate/severe POUD, younger age, and higher pain intensity (p < .01). Anxiolytics (p < .01) and antidepressants use (p < .05) and percentage of smokers (p < .05) were significantly higher in patients with severe withdrawal. Logistic regression analyses suggested moderate [odds ratio (OR) = 3.25] and severe (OR = 10.52) withdrawal as the strongest predictor of POUD. Age, anxiolytics use, and smoking were also associated with POUD, but multilevel analysis showed that these variables do not moderate the association between withdrawal intensity and POUD. CONCLUSION: Escalation of withdrawal intensity during opioid treatment can be used to identify patients with POUD. Further studies are needed to assess the clinical implications of these findings during long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain.

Uso del sugammadex para la reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular de larga duración con rocuronio: bolos vs infusión continua / Use of sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular blockade of long duration with rocuronium: bolus vs continuous infusion

Introducción: El bloqueo neuromuscular residual es causa de complicaciones postoperatorias. Objetivo: Identificar la eficacia del sugammadex para revertir el bloqueo neuromuscular con rocuronio, en procederes de larga duración, cuando éste se administra en forma de bolos versus infusión continua. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio en una serie de 10 pacientes para tratamiento quirúrgico de más de dos horas, de forma electiva con anestesia general en el Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España, entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre del 2010. La inducción y el mantenimiento del bloqueo neuromuscular se realizaron mediante bolos (B) o infusión continua (IC), quedando los pacientes divididos en dos grupos. Se compararon los grupos según el tiempo de recuperación mediante la prueba de U-Mann Whitney. Resultados: Existió homogeneidad entre los grupos en cuanto a edad, peso corporal y estado físico según la ASA II – III. La mediana del tiempo quirúrgico para el grupo B fue de 3:55 horas versus 4:20 horas en el grupo de infusión continua. Para alcanzar el cociente T4/T1 > 90%, la mediana del tiempo de recuperación fue de 75.0 minutos para el grupo IC, mientras en el grupo que se utilizaron bolos se observó un tiempo de 140.0 minutos; las diferencias entre ambos grupos resultaron ser estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,008). Conclusiones: La reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular de larga duración inducido por rocuronio fue más rápida cuando el sugammadex se administró en infusión continua en nuestro grupo de pacientes.

Uso del sugammadex para la reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular de larga duración con rocuronio: bolos vs infusión continua / Use of sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular blockade of long duration with rocuronium: bolus vs continuous infusion

Introducción: El bloqueo neuromuscular residual es causa de complicaciones postoperatorias. Objetivo: Identificar la eficacia del sugammadex para revertir el bloqueo neuromuscular con rocuronio, en procederes de larga duración, cuando éste se administra en forma de bolos versus infusión continua. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio en una serie de 10 pacientes para tratamiento quirúrgico de más de dos horas, de forma electiva con anestesia general en el Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España, entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre del 2010. La inducción y el mantenimiento del bloqueo neuromuscular se realizaron mediante bolos (B) o infusión continua (IC), quedando los pacientes divididos en dos grupos. Se compararon los grupos según el tiempo de recuperación mediante la prueba de U-Mann Whitney. Resultados: Existió homogeneidad entre los grupos en cuanto a edad, peso corporal y estado físico según la ASA II û III. La mediana del tiempo quirúrgico para el grupo B fue de 3:55 horas versus 4:20 horas en el grupo de infusión continua. Para alcanzar el cociente T4/T1 > 90%, la mediana del tiempo de recuperación fue de 75.0 minutos para el grupo IC, mientras en el grupo que se utilizaron bolos se observó un tiempo de 140.0 minutos; las diferencias entre ambos grupos resultaron ser estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,008). Conclusiones: La reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular de larga duración inducido por rocuronio fue más rápida cuando el sugammadex se administró en infusión continua en nuestro grupo de pacientes. (AU)

Reversión del rocuronio con sugammadex en pacientes con procederes de larga duracion. Presentación de casos / Reversion of rocuronium with sugammadex in patients underwent lengthy procedures

Introducción: El rocuronio es de los relajantes musculares no despolarizante, que menos se acumulan. No obstante, altas dosis pueden incrementar su acumulación. Objetivos: Presentar la evolución de dos pacientes con tiempos anestésico quirúrgico relativamente prolongado, relajados con rocuronio en bolos y revertidos con sugammadex. Presentación de casos: A.P.S. 33 años, masculino, 70 Kg. Clasificación de riesgo ASA II. Alergia a las penicilina. Mallampatti II. Enfermedad de Chron para hemicolectomía izquierda y J.F.G. 51 años, masculino, 90 Kg. Clasificación de riesgo ASA II. T de sigmoides para sigmoidectomía. En ambos, se realizó inducción con propofol 2 mg/kg, fentanil 5 µg/kg y rocuronio 1 mg/kg (70 mg). Intubación fácil. Se acopló a un ventilador volumétrico. Se monitorizó oximetría, capnografía, frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial invasiva y electrocardiograma, índice biespectral y función neuromuscular. Mantenimiento: con bomba de infusión a razón de 5mg/kg/h de propofol y fentanilo a 2.5 µg/kg en bolos. Rocuronio 20 mg en el primer caso y 30 mg en el segundo, en dos oportunidades. La intervención duró 2 horas 30 minutos y 2 horas 45 minutos respectivamente. Al finalizar la intervención aparecieron 2 respuestas en el tren de cuatro con signos clínicos de relajación residual. Se administró 2 mg/kg de sugammadex. La recuperación fue en el primer paciente a los 2 minutos y 15 segundos y a las 2 y 10 segundos en el segundo, con cociente T4/T1 de 89 y 91 %, respectivamente. Fueron extubados sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: El sugamadex es reversor de un novedoso mecanismo de acción, que pudiera brindar algunas ventajas sobre los utilizados hasta este momento.

Rocuronium is included in the non-depolarization muscular relaxants with less accumulation. However, high doses may to increase its accumulation. Objectives: To present the course of patients with relatively lengthy surgical-anesthetic times relaxed using bolus rocuronium and reverted with sugammadex. Cases presentations: A.P.S., aged 35, male sex, weighing 70 Kgs. ASA III risk classification, allergy to penicillin; Mallampatti II; Chron’s disease for left hemicholectomy and J.F. G. aged 51, male sex, weighing 90 Kg. ASA II risk classification; T of sigmoid for sigmoidectomy. In both patients, we carried out induction using propofol 2 mg/kg, phentanyl 5 µg/kg (70 mg) Intubation was easy. Volumetric ventilation was used and monitoring of oximmetry, capnography, heart rate, invasive blood pressure and electrocardiogram, bi-spectral rate and neuromuscular function. Maintenance: the infusion pump at a rate of 5 mg/kg/h of propofol and phentanyl at a rate of 2.5 µg/kg bolus. 20 mg rocuronium were administered in the first case and 30 mg in the second one in two occasions. Surgery length was of 2 hours and 30 minutes and 2 hours and 45 minutes, respectively. At the end of intervention it was possible to achieve two responses in the chain of four with clinical signs of residual relaxation. Sugammadex (2 mg/kg)was administered and in the first patient recovery time was at 2 minutes and 15 seconds and in the second one it was of 2 hours and 10 seconds with a T4/T1 of 89 and 91%, respectively. Extubation was without complications. Conclusions: The sugammadex is a reversion of novel mechanism of action that could offer some advantages on those used until now.

Reversión del rocuronio con sugammadex en pacientes con procederes de larga duracion: presentación de casos / Reversion of rocuronium with sugammadex in patients underwent lengthy procedures

El rocuronio es de los relajantes musculares no despolarizante, que menos se acumulan. No obstante, altas dosis pueden incrementar su acumulación. Objetivos: Presentar la evolución de dos pacientes con tiempos anestésico quirúrgico relativamente prolongado, relajados con rocuronio en bolos y revertidos con sugammadex. Presentación de casos: APS 33 años, masculino, 70 Kg. Clasificación de riesgo ASA II. Alergia a las penicilina. Mallampatti II. Enfermedad de Chron para hemicolectomía izquierda y JFG. 51 años, masculino, 90 Kg. Clasificación de riesgo ASA II. T de sigmoides para sigmoidectomía. En ambos, se realizó inducción con propofol 2 mg/kg, fentanil 5 µg/kg y rocuronio 1 mg/kg (70 mg). Intubación fácil. Se acopló a un ventilador volumétrico. Se monitorizó oximetría, capnografía, frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial invasiva y electrocardiograma, índice biespectral y función neuromuscular. Mantenimiento: con bomba de infusión a razón de 5mg/kg/h de propofol y fentanilo a 2,5 µg/kg en bolos. Rocuronio 20 mg en el primer caso y 30 mg en el segundo, en dos oportunidades. La intervención duró 2 horas 30 minutos y 2 horas 45 minutos respectivamente. Al finalizar la intervención aparecieron 2 respuestas en el tren de cuatro con signos clínicos de relajación residual. Se administró 2 mg/kg de sugammadex. La recuperación fue en el primer paciente a los 2 minutos y 15 segundos y a las 2 y 10 segundos en el segundo, con cociente T4/T1 de 89 y 91 por ciento , respectivamente. Fueron extubados sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: El sugamadex es reversor de un novedoso mecanismo de acción, que pudiera brindar algunas ventajas sobre los utilizados hasta este momento(AU)

Rocuronium is included in the non-depolarization muscular relaxants with less accumulation. However, high doses may to increase its accumulation. Objectives: To present the course of patients with relatively lengthy surgical-anesthetic times relaxed using bolus rocuronium and reverted with sugammadex. Cases presentations: APS, aged 35, male sex, weighing 70 Kgs. ASA III risk classification, allergy to penicillin; Mallampatti II; Chrons disease for left hemicholectomy and JF G aged 51, male sex, weighing 90 Kg ASA II risk classification; T of sigmoid for sigmoidectomy. In both patients, we carried out induction using propofol 2 mg/kg, phentanyl 5 µg/kg (70 mg) Intubation was easy. Volumetric ventilation was used and monitoring of oximmetry, capnography, heart rate, invasive blood pressure and electrocardiogram, bi-spectral rate and neuromuscular function. Maintenance: the infusion pump at a rate of 5 mg/kg/h of propofol and phentanyl at a rate of 2,5 µg/kg bolus. 20 mg rocuronium were administered in the first case and 30 mg in the second one in two occasions. Surgery length was of 2 hours and 30 minutes and 2 hours and 45 minutes, respectively. At the end of intervention it was possible to achieve two responses in the chain of four with clinical signs of residual relaxation. Sugammadex (2 mg/kg)was administered and in the first patient recovery time was at 2 minutes and 15 seconds and in the second one it was of 2 hours and 10 seconds with a T4/T1 of 89 and 91 percent, respectively. Extubation was without complications. Conclusions: The sugammadex is a reversion of novel mechanism of action that could offer some advantages on those used until now(AU)

Exploración funcional respiratoria (espirometría) en la evaluación preoperatoria / No disponible

En el presente trabajo se establece una valoración de la espirometría y espirografía como pruebas funcionales respiratorias en la valoración pulmonar del paciente quirúrgico (AU)

In the present work an evaluation is established of the spirometry and the spirography as functional respiratory tests in the lung evaluation of the surgical patient (AU)