The Salem simulator version 2.0: a tool for predicting the productivity of pure and mixed forest stands and simulating management operations.

A growing body of research suggests mixed-species stands are generally more productive than pure stands as well as less sensitive to disturbances. However, these effects of mixture depend on species assemblages and environmental conditions. Here, we present the Salem simulator, a tool that can help forest managers assess the potential benefit of shifting from pure to mixed stands from a productivity perspective. Salem predicts the dynamics of pure and mixed even-aged stands and makes it possible to simulate management operations. Its purpose is to be a decision support tool for forest managers and stakeholders as well as for policy makers. It is also designed to conduct virtual experiments and help answer research questions. In Salem, we parameterised the growth in pure stand of 12 common tree species of Europe and we assessed the effect of mixture on species growth for 24 species pairs (made up of the 12 species mentioned above). Thus, Salem makes it possible to compare the productivity of 36 different pure and mixed stands depending on environmental conditions and user-defined management strategies. Salem is essentially based on the analysis of National Forest Inventory data. A major outcome of this analysis is that we found species mixture most often increases species growth, in particular at the poorest sites. Independently from the simulator, foresters and researchers can also consider using the species-specific models that constitute Salem: the growth models including or excluding mixture effect, the bark models, the diameter distribution models, the circumference-height relationship models, as well as the volume equations for the 12 parameterised species. Salem runs on Windows, Linux, or Mac. Its user-friendly graphical user interface makes it easy to use for non-modellers. Finally, it is distributed under a LGPL license and is therefore free and open source.

[Renal mass biopsy: usefulness and indications]. / Biopsies des masses rénales: utilité et indications.

Whereas renal biopsy is routinely performed in nephrology for the management of renal failure or follow-up of kidney grafts, it has historically been seldom used in urology for the work-up of kidney tumours because of its low yield. Since a few years however, some authors recommend to biopsy select renal lesions to improve their diagnosis and management. Indeed, biopsy technique has evolved, leading to better tissue sampling. Moreover, the risk of tumoral seeding of the needle tract has proven to be negligeable. Renal biopsy appears now to be useful for managing atypical solid renal lesions, those < or =3 cm, possible neoplastic lesions in solitary kidneys, bilateral renal tumours, putative renal metastasis, so as lesions in functionally deficient kidneys.