Validación Chilena del Cuestionario de Evaluación de Apego en el adulto CaMir versión abreviada

El Cuestionario de Evaluación de Apego en el adulto CaMir, es un instrumento de auto-reporte basado en la Teoría del Apego que evalúa los modelos de relación en adultos y permite describir las estrategias de apego. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue desarrollar una versión breve para el contexto chileno, para lo cual se llevaron a cabo dos estudios. En el Estudio 1 se obtuvo una versión reducida del CaMir bajo una estrategia de validación cruzada. En el Estudio 2, se aplicó la versión reducida obtenida en el estudio 1 a una amplia muestra de adultos/as chilenos/as (n=1246). Los resultados muestran evidencias que apoyan la estructura interna propuesta, y los análisis de invarianza apoyan la existencia de equivalencia/invarianza de medida entre hombres y mujeres. Adicionalmente, esta versión obtuvo correlaciones significativas con la Escala de Dificultades de Regulación Emocional, el cuestionario de Experiencias en Relaciones Cercanas y la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos. En síntesis, los resultados muestran que esta nueva versión abreviada del CaMir, es un instrumento apropiado para el estudio de los modelos de relación y las estrategias de apego en adultos/as chilenos/as.

The CaMir Adult Attachment Assessment Questionnaire is a self-report instrument based on Attachment Theory that assesses relationship models in adults and allows describing attachment strategies. The objective of this research was to develop a short version for the Chilean context. The results of two studies are presented. In Study 1, a reduced version of CaMir was obtained under a cross-validation strategy. In Study 2, the reduced version obtained in Study 1 was applied to a large sample of Chilean adults (n=1246). The results show evidence that supports the proposed internal structure, and the invariance analysis support the existence of equivalence/invariance of measurement between men and women. Additionally, this version obtained significant correlations with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. In summary, the results show that this new abbreviated version of the CaMir is an appropriate instrument for the study of relationship models and attachment strategies in Chilean adults.

Enhancing early attachment: Design and pilot study of an intervention for primary health care dyads.

The attachment style of an infant with his caregiver can greatly influence his future development. Many interventions have been proposed to enhance early secure attachment styles, but few have characteristics that make them suitable for primary health care. The objective of the study wasto design a complex intervention for promoting secure attachment in dyads detected in Primary Health Care with altered patterns of attachment styles. The methodology proposed by the UK Medical Research Council was used: (1) theoretical phase: literature review; (2) modelling phase: the main components of the intervention were defined through qualitative research; and (3) exploration phase: pilot study of the preliminary intervention. The attachment style of the dyads was evaluated using the Massie-Campbell scale prior to and four months after the pilot intervention. The preliminary intervention was designed: a group workshop (five to seven dyads, with children aged between 6 and 12 months and two health care professional monitors) structured around various activities that specifically dealt with the skills associated with parental sensitivity and addressed relevant issues to child rearing. The intervention was then tested in a pilot study of 11 dyads in two primary health care centres. The analysis was done with nine dyads (two were lost in the second evaluation), and showed an improvement of 33 per cent in the secure attachment style in the dyads (not statistically significant). An original intervention is designed and proposed for dyads who have early indicators of altered styles of attachment in primary health care.

Medición de la sensibilidad del adulto con niños de 6 a 36 meses de edad: construcción y análisis preliminares de la escala de sensibilidad del adulto, E. S. A. / Adult sensitivity assessment in interaction with 6-36 months old children: design and preliminary analyses of adult sensitivity scale

La sensibilidad del adulto ha sido ampliamente estudiada en la primera infancia, por asociarse a un vínculo de apego seguro con el niño(a). Existen diferentes instrumentos de medición de este constructo, principalmente a través de métodos observacionales. La mayoría de ellos requiere un contexto experimental o extensa capacitación. El objetivo del presente estudio es crear un nuevo instrumento para medir la sensibilidad en adultos significativos para el niño(a) de 6 a 36 meses de edad, de manera simple, denominado Escala de Sensibilidad del Adulto, E.S.A. Se evalúa una breve interacción de juego libre, la cual es filmada y codificada. A continuación se presenta el proceso de construcción del instrumento, sus propiedades psicométricas, el análisis de concordancia interjuez y la confiabilidad. Se analiza una muestra de 99 díadas adulto significativo-niño(a) y se concluye que la E.S.A. presenta muy adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y puede ser utilizada en diferentes contextos familiar, educacional o instituciones.

The adult sensitivity has been extensively studied in early childhood, for it is associated with a secure attachment bond with the child. Different sensitivity measuring instruments have been developed, primarily through observational methods. Most of them require extensive training or a complex experimental s setting. The aim of this study is to develop a new instrument to assess sensitivity in adult caretaker of children aged 6 to 36 months, with few requirements for its use. The context of measurement involved a brief free-play interaction, which is filmed and encoded. The instrument was applied to a sample of 99 significant adult-child dyads and the videos analyzed with a rubric for each sensitivity indicator. Results show that the instrument has adequate psychometric properties and can be used in different familiar, educational or institutional contexts.

Comparative study of early interactions in mother-child dyads and care centre staff-child within the context of Chilean crèches.

BACKGROUND: Bowlby developed the concept of 'caregiver' to refer to significant adults with whom young children interact daily. Not only parents are considered significant caregivers but also the care centre staff where the child attends regularly. Within caregiver-infant interactions, sensitive response on the part of the adult is a key concept in the assessment of the quality of the relationship, as it integrates the experiences and emotions that will influence the attainment of a secure attachment and a favourable emotional, social and cognitive development in the child. METHODS: This study is a comparative analysis between the dyadic interactions between a child and its principal caregivers in the home and in the crèche; it is based on a group of 185 children between 8 and 24 months old, who attend a crèche regularly. The Care-Index instrument was used to assess interaction between children and adults, analysing sensitive response in the adults and cooperativeness in the children. RESULTS: The sensitive response of adults to children was complementary; mothers and primary caregivers showed greater sensitivity in the affective aspects of the interaction, while the care centre staff showed greater sensitivity in the cognitive aspects. The fact that caregivers show significant differences in response sensitivity is consistent with existing studies, as are corresponding significant differences in the children's cooperativeness, which demonstrates that a child could benefit from interacting with adults whose different skills could strengthen diverse aspects of health child development. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of children in the crèche can be a positive experience in that it favours quality exchanges with the child, developing cognitive aspects of the interaction which are cultivated to a lesser degree by mothers or primary caregivers who principally develop affective aspects.

Vinculación en niños con discapacidad intelectual: reflexión para la promoción de un apego seguro / Bonding in children with intelectual disability: Reflections on the promotion of secure attachment

Se explota el apego en niños con discapacidad intelectual debido a la alta prevalencia de patrones inseguros y desorganizados. Se concluye que es posible lograr un apego seguro en estos niños y se recalca el rol de la sensibilidad parental en este logro. Se enfatiza la relevancia del apego seguro como factor protector de alteraciones emocionales y/o del comportamiento y la necesidad de mayor investigación en el tema (AU)

This paper explores attachment relationship in intellectually disabled toddlers due to the high prevalence rate of insecure and disorganized patterns. The paper concludes that it is possible to attain a secure style of attachment in these children. The role of parental sensitivity in this achievement is underlined. The importance of secure attachment styles as a protective factor of emotional and behavioural problems is discussed, and the need of further investigation on this issue is stressed (AU)

Evaluación del apego en adolescentes y adultos: adaptación chilena del cuestionario de apego CAMIR / Attachment evaluation in adolescents and adults: the Chilean versión of the ``CAMIR`` attachment questionnaire

El cuestionario de apego en adultos, CAMIR de Pierrehumbert el al.(1996) evalúa el vínculo del apego en adultos. El presente artículo expone el proceso de adaptación del instrumento a la realidad social y cultural chilena y su aporte en la evaluación del apego en adolescentes. Además, se presenta el análisis estadístico de su aplicación en una muestra chilena, la cual evidencio propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para evaluar los modelos individuales de relación de adolescentes y adultos en el contexto chileno (AU)

The CAMIR attachment questionnaire in adults, by Pierrehumbert et al. (1996), evaluates attachment bonds in adults. This paper presents the adaptation process of the instrument to the Chilean social and cultural, reality, and its contribution to the assessment of adolescent attachment styles. The statistical analysis of its application to a Chilean sample, within the Chilean context, in also exposed (AU)