RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Salmonella can cause asymptomatic infections, diarrhea, bacteremia and focal infections such as meningitis and osteomyelitis. AIM: To describe clinical and microbiological aspects of infections by Salmonella spp. in children in a pediatric referral hospital: Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, in Montevideo, Uruguay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive and retrospective study of 46 patients, from which Salmonella spp was isolated between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2010. RESULTS: Salmonella spp was isolated in 46 children younger than 15 years old. 18 were below 2 years old and 5 children below three months. 24% of the children had risk factors, such as HIV infection, oncological diseases and malnutrition; low birth weight and pneumonia were associated conditions. No deaths were reported. The serotypes more frequently found were: Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Most of the strains were susceptible to ampicillin and third generation of cephalosporins. DISCUSSION: Diarrhea with blood was the predominant clinical presentation, and there were no outbreaks. Typhimurium and Enteritidis were the most common serotypes. Based on the profiles of susceptibility antimicrobial, we could maintain the same recommendations until the moment suggested. CONCLUSIONS: we must consider the Salmonella infection in febrile children under risk of an invasive bacterial disease, with or without focal infection.
Assuntos
Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Tempo , Uruguai/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The most frequent osteoarticular infections (OAI) etiological agent is Staphylococcus aureus. The prevalence of other microorganisms has changed after the introduction of new vaccines. AIM: To describe the etiology and evolution of the OAIs in children hospitalized in Pediatric Hospital Pereira Rossell between 2009 and 2015. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Joint fluid and bone puncture studies of hospitalized children suspected of OAI. Epidemiological characteristics, isolated microorganisms, complementary tests, initial treatment, complications, and days of hospitalization were analyzed. RESULTS: 335 patients; the etiology was established in 113. Clinical data could be analyzed in 87 cases. The average age was 6.1 years. They corresponded to: methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (n: 47), community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) (n: 11), Streptococcus pyogenes (n: 6), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n: 1), Haemophilus influenzae type b (n: 2), Gram-negative bacilli (n: 9), Kingella kingae (n: 1) others (n: 6). In 4 cases, more than one microorganism was isolated. CA-MRSA infections were more serious. DISCUSSION: A decrease is observed in the number of CA-MRSA isolates. A fact to be highlighted is the impact of universal vaccination against S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type b. It is a finding to be monitored the increasing number of Gram-negative bacilli isolates.
Assuntos
Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Osteomielite/microbiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Prognóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: Salmonella sp puede causar infecciones asintomáticas, gastroenteritis, bacteriemia e infecciones focales como meningitis y osteomielitis. Objetivo: Describir aspectos microbiológicos y clínicos de las infecciones por Salmonella spp en niños en un hospital de referencia pediátrico Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Montevideo Uruguay. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de pacientes en quienes se aislara Salmonella spp en el período 1 de enero de 2005 al 31 de diciembre de 2010. Resultados: Se aisló Salmonella spp en 46 niños menores de 15 años. Dieciocho eran menores de 2 años y 5 niños menores de tres meses. 24% de los pacientes presentaba factores de riesgo (infección por VIH; enfermedad hemato-oncológica, desnutrición) y co-morbilidades (bajo peso al nacer y neumonía). No hubo fallecidos. Los serotipos más frecuentes fueron: Typhimurium y Enteritidis. La mayoría de las cepas eran sensibles a ampicilina y cefalosporinas de tercera generación. Discusión: La presentación clínica predominante fue diarrea con sangre, no se presentaron brotes. Basados en los perfiles de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, se pueden mantener las recomendaciones hasta el momento sugeridas. Conclusiones: Se debe tener en cuenta la infección por Salmonella sp en niños febriles con riesgo de enfermedad bacteriana invasora, con o sin focalidad.
Background: Salmonella can cause asymptomatic infections, diarrhea, bacteremia and focal infections such as meningitis and osteomyelitis. Aim: To describe clinical and microbiological aspects of infections by Salmonella spp. in children in a pediatric referral hospital: Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, in Montevideo, Uruguay. Materials and Methods: Descriptive and retrospective study of 46 patients, from which Salmonella spp was isolated between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2010. Results: Salmonella spp was isolated in 46 children younger than 15 years old. 18 were below 2 years old and 5 children below three months. 24% of the children had risk factors, such as HIV infection, oncological diseases and malnutrition; low birth weight and pneumonia were associated conditions. No deaths were reported. The serotypes more frequently found were: Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Most of the strains were susceptible to ampicillin and third generation of cephalosporins. Discussion: Diarrhea with blood was the predominant clinical presentation, and there were no outbreaks. Typhimurium and Enteritidis were the most common serotypes. Based on the profiles of susceptibility antimicrobial, we could maintain the same recommendations until the moment suggested. Conclusions: we must consider the Salmonella infection in febrile children under risk of an invasive bacterial disease, with or without focal infection.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Salmonella typhimurium/isolamento & purificação , Fatores de Tempo , Uruguai/epidemiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Comorbidade , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Background: The most frequent osteoarticular infections (OAI) etiological agent is Staphylococcus aureus. The prevalence of other microorganisms has changed after the introduction of new vaccines. Aim: To describe the etiology and evolution of the OAIs in children hospitalized in Pediatric Hospital Pereira Rossell between 2009 and 2015. Patients and Methods: Joint fluid and bone puncture studies of hospitalized children suspected of OAI. Epidemiological characteristics, isolated microorganisms, complementary tests, initial treatment, complications, and days of hospitalization were analyzed. Results: 335 patients; the etiology was established in 113. Clinical data could be analyzed in 87 cases. The average age was 6.1 years. They corresponded to: methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (n: 47), community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) (n: 11), Streptococcus pyogenes (n: 6), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n: 1), Haemophilus influenzae type b (n: 2), Gram-negative bacilli (n: 9), Kingella kingae (n: 1) others (n: 6). In 4 cases, more than one microorganism was isolated. CA-MRSA infections were more serious. Discussion: A decrease is observed in the number of CA-MRSA isolates. A fact to be highlighted is the impact of universal vaccination against S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type b. It is a finding to be monitored the increasing number of Gram-negative bacilli isolates.
Introducción: El agente etiológico más frecuente de las infecciones osteoarticulares (IOA) es Staphylococcus aureus. Luego de la introducción de nuevas vacunas la prevalencia de otros microorganismos ha cambiado. Objetivo: Describir la etiología y evolución de las IOA en niños internados en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell entre los años 2009 y 2015. Pacientes y Métodos: Se identificaron los cultivos de muestras de líquido articular y punción ósea de niños con sospecha de IOA. Se analizaron sus características epidemiológicas, microorganismos aislados, exámenes complementarios, tratamiento inicial, complicaciones y días de hospitalización. Resultados: Se estudiaron 335 pacientes, se aisló microorganismo en 113. Se analizó 87 casos. Edad media 6,1 años. Correspondieron a S. aureus sensible a meticilina (n: 47), S. aureus resistente a meticilina adquirido en la comunidad (SARM-AC) (n: 11), Streptococcus pyogenes (n: 6), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n: 1), Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (n: 2), bacilos gramnegativos (n: 9): Kingella kingae (n: 1), otros (n: 6). En 4 casos se aisló más de un microorganismo. Las infecciones por SARM-AC fueron más graves. Discusión: Se observa un descenso de aislados de SARM-AC. Se destaca el impacto de la vacunación universal contra S. pneumoniae y H. influenzae tipo b. Se debe vigilar el aumento de aislamiento de bacilos gramnegativos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Osteomielite/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hospitalização , Tempo de InternaçãoRESUMO
Introduction: Streptococcus pyogenes infection causes a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Invasive disease (ID) is defined by the isolation of the microorganism from sterile sites. Objective: To analyze the clinical, epidemiological and molecular characteristics of ID by S.pyogenes in children hospitalized at Pediatric Hospital Pereira Rossell, from January 2005 to January 2013. Materials and Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was done in cases with isolation of S.pyogenes from sterile sites. Epidemiological variables, disease characteristics, laboratory parameters, treatment regimen received, hospitalization days and clinical outcome were analyzed. The presence of 4 genes encoding for virulence factors and chromosome profile studied by pulsed-field electrophoresis were done in the isolated strains. Results: A total of 42 cases (rate: 4.6 out of 10,000 admissions) were detected, from which 32 were analyzed. Average age was 44.7 months (14/32 < 2 years of age). In 5 cases, the portal of entry was identified. Clinical presentations were: osteoarticular infections (n = 15), shock (n = 6), skin and soft-tissue infections (n = 5), pneumonia (n = 3) and bacteremias (n = 3). Twenty cases required surgical procedures and 13 required intensive care admission. Average hospital stay was 17 days and one patient died. Molecular studies were performed in five strains; 4 different toxin profiles and pulsotypes were identified. Discussion: The incidence of ID at our hospital is similar to other series in the region. A better knowledge of clinical presentation and its relation with molecular characteristics represents a challenge.
Introducción: Streptococcus pyogenes, produce diversas manifestaciones clínicas. La enfermedad invasora (EI) se define por el aislamiento del microorganismo en sitios estériles. Objetivo: Analizar características clínico-epidemiológicas y moleculares de EI por S. pyogenes en niños hospitalizados en el HP-CHPR (1/1/05-31/1/13). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de casos con aislamiento de S. pyogenes de sitios estériles. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas, características de la enfermedad, laboratorio, tratamientos, días de hospitalización y evolución. Se estudió la presencia de cuatro genes que codifican factores de virulencia y perfiles cromosómicos resueltos por electroforesis en campos pulsados. Resultados: Se detectó un total de 42 casos (tasa 4,6 cada 10.000 admisiones), se analizaron todas las variables en 32. Mediana de edad 44,7 meses (14 < 2 años). En cinco se identificó puerta de entrada. Formas de presentación: infección osteo-articular (n: 15), shock (n: 6), infección de piel y tejidos blandos (n: 5), neumonía (n: 3) y bacteriemia (n: 3). Veinte requirieron procedimientos quirúrgicos y 13 de cuidado intensivo. La media de estadía hospitalaria fue de 17 días. Hubo un fallecimiento. Se realizó estudios moleculares en cinco cepas, identificándose cuatro perfiles de toxinas y pulsotipos diferentes. Discusión: La incidencia de EI en nuestra institución coincide con otras series en la región. Profundizar el conocimiento de la presentación clínica y su relación con las características moleculares es un desafío.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Hospitais Pediátricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Streptococcus pyogenes , Uruguai/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus pyogenes infection causes a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Invasive disease (ID) is defined by the isolation of the microorganism from sterile sites. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical, epidemiological and molecular characteristics of ID by S.pyogenes in children hospitalized at Pediatric Hospital Pereira Rossell, from January 2005 to January 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive retrospective study was done in cases with isolation of S.pyogenes from sterile sites. Epidemiological variables, disease characteristics, laboratory parameters, treatment regimen received, hospitalization days and clinical outcome were analyzed. The presence of 4 genes encoding for virulence factors and chromosome profile studied by pulsed-field electrophoresis were done in the isolated strains. RESULTS: A total of 42 cases (rate: 4.6 out of 10,000 admissions) were detected, from which 32 were analyzed. Average age was 44.7 months (14/32 < 2 years of age). In 5 cases, the portal of entry was identified. Clinical presentations were: osteoarticular infections (n = 15), shock (n = 6), skin and soft-tissue infections (n = 5), pneumonia (n = 3) and bacteremias (n = 3). Twenty cases required surgical procedures and 13 required intensive care admission. Average hospital stay was 17 days and one patient died. Molecular studies were performed in five strains; 4 different toxin profiles and pulsotypes were identified. DISCUSSION: The incidence of ID at our hospital is similar to other series in the region. A better knowledge of clinical presentation and its relation with molecular characteristics represents a challenge.
Assuntos
Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Hospitais Pediátricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Streptococcus pyogenes , Uruguai/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In the past few years, an increase in methicillin resistant-not multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus was observed in Uruguay among children with community acquired infections. Recommendations for empiric antibiotic treatment required adjustments and new national guidelines were recommended in July 2004. Adherence to these guidelines was indirectly performed by monitoring antibiotic consumption and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Uruguay. OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare antibiotic consumption and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in a Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (PH-CHPR) between 2001 and 2006. METHODS: Antibiotic consumption in hospitalized children was calculated using the Defined Daily Dose per 100 bed-days (DDD/100). Reference values were obtained from the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Drug Statistics Methodology of. Consumption. Data were obtained using the WinPharma programme of the Pharmacy Department of CHPR. The fraction of annual occupancy of hospital beds was obtained from the Statistic Division of CHPR. Antibiotic consumption was evaluated between 2001 and 2006 and expressed as DDD/100 and percent change. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using CHPR's Microbiology Laboratory data during the same time period. RESULTS: After 2003 a significant increase in consumption of clindamycin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, cefuroxime, vancomycin and gentamycin was observed, except for cephradine. Consumption of clindamycin, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole showed the highest increase (6.15%; 1.44% and 1.17% respectively). Detection of Staphylococcus aureus increased significantly mostly from skin and soft tissue infections. Oxacillin susceptibility of S. aureus strains obtained from different sites had a significant and persistent decrease after 2003 (from 81 % during year 2001 to 40% in year 2006 (p < 0.05). Susceptibility to others antibiotics did not decrease. Between 2004 and 2006 the "D effect" decreased from 28% to 21 %. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns did not differ by site of infection. CONCLUSIONS: Methicillin resistant-not multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus has established itself as a regular community pathogen in Uruguayan children. Changes in antimicrobial consumption patterns reflect the impact of this pathogen in clinical practice and the overall adherence to new recommendations. This change was not associated with an increase in antibiotic resistance. Clindamycin is an alternative treatment although Clindamycin inducible resistance is a worry. Continuous monitoring of antibiotic consumption and local susceptibility patterns are required to promote rational use of antibiotics.