Effect of ouabain on calcium signaling in rodent brain: A systematic review of in vitro studies.

The Na+/K+-ATPase is an integral membrane ion pump, essential to maintaining osmotic balance in cells in the presence of cardiotonic steroids; more specifically, ouabain can be an endogenous modulator of the Na+/K+-ATPase. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the in vitro effects of cardiotonic steroids on Ca2+ in the brain of rats and mice. Methods: The review was carried out using the PubMed, Virtual Health Library, and EMBASE databases (between 12 June 2020 and 30 June 2020) and followed the guidelines described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). Results: in total, 829 references were identified in the electronic databases; however, only 20 articles were considered, on the basis of the inclusion criteria. The studies demonstrated the effects of ouabain on Ca2+ signaling in synaptosomes, brain slices, and cultures of rat and mouse cells. In addition to the well-known cytotoxic effects of high doses of ouabain, resulting from indirect stimulation of the reverse mode of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and increased intracellular Ca2+, other effects have been reported. Ouabain-mediated Ca2+ signaling was able to act increasing cholinergic, noradrenergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, ouabain significantly increased intracellular signaling molecules such as InsPs, IP3 and cAMP. Moreover treatment with low doses of ouabain stimulated myelin basic protein synthesis. Ouabain-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase may promote the activation of important cell signaling pathways involved in cellular homeostasis and function. Thus, the study of the application of ouabain in low doses being promising for application in neurological diseases. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020204498, identifier CRD42020204498.

Mechanisms associated to impaired activity of cardiac P-type ATPases in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice

The effect of long-lasting in vivo restriction of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability on cardiac and renal P-type ATPases critical for intracellular ion homeostasis is controversial. Previous work has shown in eNOS knockout (eNOS−/−) mice hearts that Na+/K+- and Ca2+-ATPase activities were depressed but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The goal of this study was to characterize potential alterations responsible for impaired enzyme activity in eNOS−/− mice. Na+/K+-ATPase activity from crude preparations of adult male eNOS−/− mice hearts and kidneys was reduced compared with wild-type animals (32 %, p < 0.05 and 16 %, p < 0.0001, respectively). Immunoblot analysis showed that although the expression of the predominant (or exclusive, for the kidney) Na+/K+-ATPase á1 isoform was not significantly changed, there was an important downregulation of the less abundant á2 isoform in the heart (57 %, p < 0.0001). In addition, although cardiac Ca2+-ATPase activity was unaltered, the expression of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2 protein in eNOS−/− mice was very high (290 % compared with wild-type animals, p < 0.0001) without any significant change in phospholamban expression. Consistent with these findings, the content of cardiac and renal free sulfhydryl groups, essential for the catalytic function of such ATPases, was decreased (23 %, p < 0.01 and 35 %, p < 0.05, respectively). Altogether, the present results suggest that the absence of eNOS promotes a compartmentalized altered redox balance that affects the activity and expression of ion transport ATPases (AU)

Mechanisms associated to impaired activity of cardiac P-type ATPases in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice.

The effect of long-lasting in vivo restriction of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability on cardiac and renal P-type ATPases critical for intracellular ion homeostasis is controversial. Previous work has shown in eNOS knockout (eNOS(-/-)) mice hearts that Na(+)/K(+)- and Ca(2+)-ATPase activities were depressed but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The goal of this study was to characterize potential alterations responsible for impaired enzyme activity in eNOS(-/-) mice. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity from crude preparations of adult male eNOS(-/-) mice hearts and kidneys was reduced compared with wild-type animals (32 %, p < 0.05 and 16 %, p < 0.0001, respectively). Immunoblot analysis showed that although the expression of the predominant (or exclusive, for the kidney) Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase α1 isoform was not significantly changed, there was an important downregulation of the less abundant α2 isoform in the heart (57 %, p < 0.0001). In addition, although cardiac Ca(2+)-ATPase activity was unaltered, the expression of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase 2 protein in eNOS(-/-) mice was very high (290 % compared with wild-type animals, p < 0.0001) without any significant change in phospholamban expression. Consistent with these findings, the content of cardiac and renal free sulfhydryl groups, essential for the catalytic function of such ATPases, was decreased (23 %, p < 0.01 and 35 %, p < 0.05, respectively). Altogether, the present results suggest that the absence of eNOS promotes a compartmentalized altered redox balance that affects the activity and expression of ion transport ATPases.

Natriuretic effect of bufalin in isolated rat kidneys involves activation of the Na+-K+-ATPase-Src kinase pathway.

Bufadienolides are structurally related to the clinically relevant cardenolides (e.g., digoxin) and are now considered as endogenous steroid hormones. Binding of ouabain to Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase has been associated, in kidney cells, to the activation of the Src kinase pathway and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase internalization. Nevertheless, whether the activation of this cascade also occurs with other cardiotonic steroids and leads to diuresis and natriuresis in the isolated intact kidney is still unknown. In the present work, we perfused rat kidneys for 120 min with bufalin (1, 3, or 10 µM) and measured its vascular and tubular effects. Thereafter, we probed the effect of 10 µM 3-(4-chlorophenyl)1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4amine (PP2), a Src family kinase inhibitor, and 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-aminophenylthio] butadiene (UO126), a highly selective inhibitor of both MEK1 and MEK2, on bufalin-induced renal alterations. Bufalin at 3 and 10 µM profoundly increased several parameters of renal function in a time- and/or concentration-dependent fashion. At a concentration that produced similar inhibition of the rat kidney Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, ouabain had a much smaller diuretic and natriuretic effect. Although bufalin fully inhibited the rat kidney Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in vitro, its IC(50) (33 ± 1 µM) was threefold higher than the concentration used ex vivo and all its renal effects were blunted by PP2 and UO126. Furthermore, the phosphorylated (activated) ERK1/2 expression was increased after bufalin perfusion and this effect was totally prevented after PP2 pretreatment. The present study shows for the first time the direct diuretic, natriuretic, and kaliuretic effects of bufalin in isolated rat kidney and the relevance of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase-mediated signal transduction.

Inhibitory effect of combinations of digoxin and endogenous cardiotonic steroids on Na+/K+-ATPase activity in human kidney membrane preparation.

AIMS: Cardiac glycosides have been extensively used in the treatment of congestive heart failure for more than 200 years. Recently, cardenolides and bufadienolides were isolated from mammalian tissue and are considered as a new class of steroidal hormones. The aim of the present work was to characterize the interaction between the most clinical used cardiac glycoside digoxin and the cardiac glycosides known to exist endogenously, i.e., ouabain, marinobufagin and telocinobufagin, on human kidney Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. MAIN METHODS: Inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity from crude membrane preparations of human kidney was performed using increasing concentrations of the drugs alone or mixtures of ouabain:digoxin, telocinobufagin:digoxin and marinobufagin:digoxin in a fixed ratio 1:4, 2:3 and 3:2, respectively. The colorimetric method of Fiske and Subbarow was used to measure the inorganic phosphate released. KEY FINDINGS: Analyses of inhibition curves showed that the experimental curves for all combinations were superimposed on the theoretical additive curves indicating that an additive effect occurs among distinct cardenolides and bufadienolides combinations on the human α1ß1 Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase protomer. SIGNIFICANCE: Considering the extensive use of digoxin in the treatment of heart failure and the recent findings that endogenous cardiac glycosides may have altered levels in many diseases, including heart failure, the demonstration of additive effect between cardiac glycosides can help in the understanding of recent clinical observations, including that lower than usual doses of cardiac glycosides are necessary for decreasing mortality in these patients.

Insights into the mechanism of Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition by 2-methoxy-3,8,9-trihydroxy coumestan.

The molecular mechanisms involved in Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition by 2-methoxy-3,8,9-trihydroxy coumestan were investigated. We show that this compound decreases the free sulfydryl groups present in the enzyme and that its inhibitory effect is prevented by dithiothreitol and other two sulfydryl containing reagents. We propose a redox cycle culminating with the irreversible oxidation of sulfydryl groups essential for the catalytic activity of this enzyme and of two other related P-type ATPases.

Synergistic interaction between ouabain and 8-methoxy-3,9-dihydroxy coumestan, a non-steroidal synthetic inhibitor of Na+,K+-ATPase.

The use of combination drugs is very common in therapeutics as in the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer and heart failure but controversies about analysis of these interactions are frequent. The aim of the present work was to characterize the interaction between ouabain and 8-methoxy-3,9-dihydroxy coumestan (LQB93), a non-steroidal synthetic inhibitor of Na+,K+-ATPase, as well as the interaction between ouabain and ouabagenin, two cardiac glycosides sharing the same binding site. Inhibition of rat kidney Na+,K+-ATPase with increasing concentrations of the drugs alone or of mixtures of ouabain:ouabagenin and LQB93:ouabain in a fixed 1:4 ratio was performed. In other experiments, increasing concentrations of LQB93 (or ouabain) in the presence of a fixed concentration of ouabain (or ouabagenin) were used for determining the concentration pairs eliciting 50% inhibition in order to construct isobolograms. The mixture (experimental) curve for the ouabain:ouabagenin combination was superimposed on the additive (theoretical) curve indicating additivity, in accordance with the isobolographic analysis. On the other hand, the empirical curve for LQB93:ouabain (IC50=10.6 microM) was significantly shifted to the left in relation to the theoretical curve (IC50=30.7 microM) indicating synergism, further confirmed by the isobolographic analysis. As a conclusion, we show that the combination of a newly synthesized non-steroidal inhibitor and ouabain have a synergistic effect on Na+,K+-ATPase, further supporting a mechanism of inhibition different from ouabain. Present data also support the use of both the isobolograms and combination curves for the assessment of drug interactions occurring at the same molecular target, a situation poorly investigated.

Structure-activity relationship of wedelolactone analogues: structural requirements for inhibition of Na+, K+ -ATPase and binding to the central benzodiazepine receptor.

Coumestans 2a-i, bearing different patterns of substitution in A- and D-rings, were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of kidney Na+, K+ -ATPase and ligands for the central benzodiazepine (BZP) receptor. The presence of a hydroxyl group in position 2 favours the effect on Na+, K+ -ATPase but decreases the affinity for the BZP receptor, allowing the design of more selective molecules than the natural wedelolactone. On the other hand, the presence of a catechol in ring D is important for the effect on both molecular targets.

2-Methoxy-3,8,9-trihydroxy coumestan: a new synthetic inhibitor of Na+,K+-ATPase with an original mechanism of action.

The aim of the present work was to analyse the interaction between Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and one of our recent synthesized coumestans, namely the original molecule 2-methoxy-3,8,9-trihydroxy coumestan (PCALC36). Rat brain (mainly alpha 2 and alpha 3 Na(+),K(+)-ATPase isoforms) and kidney (alpha 1 isoform) fractions enriched with Na(+),K(+)-ATPase were utilized to compare the inhibition promoted by PCALC36 with that of classical inhibitors like ouabain and vanadate. Analysis of inhibition curves revealed that unlike ouabain, which was about a thousand times more potent to inhibit brain isoforms than kidney isoform, PCALC36 had a similar affinity for brain (IC(50)=4.33+/-0.90 microM) and kidney (IC(50)=11.04+/-0.86 microM) isoforms. The inhibitory effect of PCALC36 was not antagonized by 1-10 mM K(+), as observed with ouabain. Whereas vanadate was more potent in ionic conditions promoting the E2 conformation of the enzyme, the inhibitory effect of PCALC36 was equal in ionic conditions favouring either the E1 or E2 conformations. Equilibrium binding assays with [3H]ouabain revealed that the addition of 2-10 microM PCALC36 did not change the K(d) of ouabain but decreased its maximal binding (B(max)) in a concentration-dependent manner (from 76.6 to 44.0 pmol/mg protein). This inhibitory effect of PCALC36 was not reverted after an extensive washing procedure indicating that it forms a very stable complex with Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. We conclude that PCALC36, a new molecule with a non-steroidal skeleton, inhibits the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase by a mechanism of action different from the cardiac glycosides and could thus serve as a structural paradigm to develop new inotropic drugs.