Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Cocaine Addiction: A Systematic Review.

Long-term cocaine use is associated with cognitive deficits and neuro-psychiatric pathologies. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging therapeutic strategy relating to changes in brain activity. It stimulates the prefrontal cortex and is involved in inhibitory cognitive control, decision making and care. This systematic review aims to evaluate and synthesize the evidence on the safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of rTMS for the treatment of cocaine addiction. A systematic review of the literature was carried out. The following electronic databases were consulted from inception to October 2020: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science. Randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials and case-series and full economic evaluations were included. Twelve studies were included. No identified study reported data on cost-effectiveness. Significant results of the efficacy of TMS have been observed in terms of the reduction of craving to consume and the number of doses consumed. No serious adverse effects have been observed. Despite the low quality of the studies, the first results were observed in terms of reduction of cocaine use and craving. In any case, this effect is considered moderate. Studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups are required.

¿Por qué y con qué intención lo hizo? Atribuciones de los padres y adolescentes en los conflictos familiares / Why and with what intention did they do it? Parents’ and adolescents’ attributions about family conflicts

Se estudian las atribuciones causales (locus, estabilidad y controlabilidad) e intencionales (positiva, negativa y neutra) ante conflictos familiares según el punto de vista del padre, de la madre y del adolescente en 270 familias biparentales y en función de que el conflicto sea clave para padres o para hijos. Se analizan las relaciones entre las atribuciones y las estrategias de resolución de conflictos reportadas (negociadora, dominante e indiferente). Los resultados indican que padres y madres en comparación con los adolescentes se atribuyen menos la causa del conflicto, la declaran como más incontrolable y atribuyen una mayor intencionalidad hostil al mismo (sobre todo las madres). Se observa una cierta transmisión generacional del patrón atribucional padre-hijo y padre/madre-hija con una estructura intencional clara sólo en el caso de las chicas. El patrón atribucional varía en función del tipo de conflicto mostrando el sesgo actor-observador en la tríada. Finalmente, se han obtenido relaciones moderadas entre intencionalidad y uso de estrategias de dominancia e indiferencia en los adolescentes y uso de las tres estrategias en los padres (sobre todo en la madre) moduladas por el tipo de conflicto (AU)

Causal (locus, stability, and controllability) and intentional (positive, negative, and neutral) attributions about family conflict situations reported by father, mother, and adolescent were studied in a sample of 270 two-parent families according to the type of conflict (upsetting to adolescent or upsetting to parents). The relationships between attributions and use of strategies in conflict resolution (negotiation, dominance, and indifference) were also examined. Results indicated that, as compared to adolescents, parents blamed themselves less for the conflict and perceived it as less controllable, whereas adolescents (especially girls) perceived a more benevolent intention than parents (especially mothers). Transmission of the attributional pattern via father-son and father/mother-daughter was observed with a clear intentional structure only for daughters. The attributional pattern of the triad also varied according to the actor-observer bias. Lastly, moderate relations were obtained between intentionality and use of strategies of dominance and indifference in adolescents and use of the three strategies in parents (especially mothers), modulated by the type of conflict in all the cases (AU)

[Why and with what intention did they do it? Parents' and adolescents' attributions about family conflicts]. / Por qué y con qué intención lo hizo? Atribuciones de los padres y adolescentes en los conflictos familiares.

Causal (locus, stability, and controllability) and intentional (positive, negative, and neutral) attributions about family conflict situations reported by father, mother, and adolescent were studied in a sample of 270 two-parent families according to the type of conflict (upsetting to adolescent or upsetting to parents). The relationships between attributions and use of strategies in conflict resolution (negotiation, dominance, and indifference) were also examined. Results indicated that, as compared to adolescents, parents blamed themselves less for the conflict and perceived it as less controllable, whereas adolescents (especially girls) perceived a more benevolent intention than parents (especially mothers). Transmission of the attributional pattern via father-son and father/mother-daughter was observed with a clear intentional structure only for daughters. The attributional pattern of the triad also varied according to the actor-observer bias. Lastly, moderate relations were obtained between intentionality and use of strategies of dominance and indifference in adolescents and use of the three strategies in parents (especially mothers), modulated by the type of conflict in all the cases.