Biobank of fungi from marine and terrestrial Antarctic environments.

Harsh and extreme environments, such as Antarctica, offer unique opportunities to explore new microbial taxa and biomolecules. Given the limited knowledge on microbial diversity, this study aimed to compile, analyze and compare a subset of the biobank of Antarctic fungi maintained at the UNESP's Central of Microbial Resources (CRM-UNESP). A total of 711 isolates (240 yeasts and 471 filamentous fungi) from marine and terrestrial samples collected at King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) were used with the primary objective of investigating their presence in both marine and terrestrial environments. Among the yeasts, 13 genera were found, predominantly belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota. Among the filamentous fungi, 34 genera were represented, predominantly from the phylum Ascomycota. The most abundant genera in the marine samples were Metschnikowia, Mrakia, and Pseudogymnoascus, while in the terrestrial samples, they were Pseudogymnoascus, Leucosporidium, and Mortierella. Most of the genera and species of the CRM-UNESP biobank of Antarctic fungi are being reported as an important target for biotechnological applications. This study showed the relevance of the CRM-UNESP biobank, highlighting the importance of applying standard methods for the preservation of the biological material and associated data (BMaD), as recommended in national and international standards.

High taxonomic turnover and functional homogenization of rotifer communities in an amazonian river.

Patterns of beta diversity of plankton communities in rivers have been mainly determined by hydrological factors that alter the dispersion and composition of species and traits. Rotifers in the Guamá River (eastern Amazonian River) were sampled (monthly between October 2017 and June 2019) to analyze the temporal variation of taxonomic and functional beta diversity and its partitions (turnover and nestedness) as well as the effects of temporal, environmental, and seasonal dissimilarities. Taxonomic turnover and functional nestedness over time were observed as well as functional homogenization, which was arguably due to the hypereutrophic condition of the river. There were no seasonal differences in taxonomic and functional beta diversity probably due the low environmental dissimilarity. This study demonstrated that this Guamá River stretch presented low environmental dissimilarity and hypereutrophic waters, which benefited the establishment of a community of species with high taxonomic turnover over time, but with low functional dissimilarity and loss of some functions related to the functional traits evaluated in the ecosystem. It is important to point out that temporal studies should evaluate both taxonomic and functional aspects of communities, mainly because the effect of environmental changes may be more noticeable at the functional level of communities.

Proposal for the zoning of the industrial Brachyplatystoma vaillantii fisheries of the North Coast of Brazil and the influence of climatic factors on the fluctuations in the abundance of the species.

The present study was based on the analysis of 10,467 trawls of the industrial piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii) fishing fleet of the Brazilian state of Pará, which were mapped by onboard GPS loggers (between February 2008 and September 2011) and the PREPS data from 40 vessels which were tracked by this system between 2008 and 2011. The variation in the mean monthly CPUE, based on Lomb's periodogram, revealed a well-defined and constant cycle with a duration of approximately one year. Three environmental factors influenced this cycle. The El Niño 3.4 index had a negative correlation with the CPUE of the piramutaba fishery, with a time lag of 15 months, while monthly rainfall and the mean discharge of the Amazon River correlated strongly (r=0.89 and 0.87, respectively; p<0.001) with the CPUE, with time lags of 12 and 11 months, respectively. The spatiotemporal analysis of the distribution of the activity of the piramutaba fishing fleet indicated that the most intense area of operation of the fleet lies between latitudes 00º N and 02° N, and longitudes 047º40' W and 049º40' W. This area was divided into four geographic quadrants, although fishery operations were concentrated in only three of these quadrants. The study proposed a quadrimester fishing cycle with zoning in three of the quadrants, where fishing would be permitted for four months (occupation period), followed by an 8-month rest period for the recuperation of stocks, aiming at the sustainability of this fishing exploration.

Experimental study on the efficiency of different types of traps and baits for harvesting Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) / Estudo experimental da eficiências de diferentes tipologias de artes e iscas para a captura de Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862)

Macrobrachium amazonicum is a freshwater prawn endemic to South America with wide distribution in Brazilian Amazon rivers. In estuary and freshwater streams of the Pará State, they are captured with different types of traps locally know matapi. This study evaluated the efficiency of traps of different sizes (large, medium and small) and baits (babassu coconut and fish) for sampling this shrimp. Samplings were conducted with 24 traps with different treatments (trap size and bait). We captured 909 specimens. Higher mean catches were observed in traps baited with babassu coconut. Interactions between babassu coconut bait and medium matapi (BM-M), and fish bait and large matapi (FISH-L) were significant. Carapace length (CL) varied significantly between sites (F = 12.74, p < 0.01). The total maximum length was 13.65 cm. Medium traps baited with babassu coconut were the most successful in the tested combinations, however, there was a clear correlation between size trap and size of shrimp, for both body weight and carapace length.

Macrobrachium amazonicum é uma espécie de camarão endêmico da América do Sul e está amplamente distribuída nos rios da bacia amazônica brasileira. Nos estuários e cursos de água do estado do Pará são capturados com uso de armadilhas tradicionais conhecidos como 'matapis'. O presente estudo incidiu sobre as técnicas utilizadas pelos pescadores locais, no estado do Pará, além de avaliar a eficácia de diferentes tipos de armadilhas (com tamanhos grande, médio e pequeno) e iscas (de peixe ou farelo de babaçu). As amostras foram obtidas por 24 armadilhas sob diferentes tratamentos (tamanho da arte e isca). Foram capturados 909 indivíduos. As capturas médias nos locais foram maiores nas armadilhas com farelo de babaçu. As interações entre isca babaçu e matapis de tamanho médio (BM- M), e isca de peixe e grandes matapis (FISH- L) foram significativas. O comprimento da carapaça (CL) variou significativamente entre os locais (F = 12,74, p < 0,01). O comprimento máximo total registrado foi de 13,65 cm. As armadilhas de médio porte com isca de babaçu foram os mais bem sucedidos nas combinações testadas, no entanto, houve uma clara relação entre o tamanho da armadilha e o tamanho do camarão capturado, tanto em termos de peso corporal e comprimento da carapaça.

Evaluation of impacts of climate change and local stressors on the biotechnological potential of marine macroalgae: a brief theoretical discussion of likely scenarios

Climate change can be associated with variations in the frequency and intensity of extreme temperatures and precipitation events on the local and regional scales. Along coastal areas, flooding associated with increased occupation has seriously impacted products and services generated by marine life, in particular the biotechnological potential that macroalgae hold. Therefore, this paper analyzes the available information on the taxonomy, ecology and physiology of macroalgae and discusses the impacts of climate change and local stress on the biotechnological potential of Brazilian macroalgae. Based on data compiled from a series of floristic and ecological works, we note the disappearance in some Brazilian regions of major groups of biotechnological interest. In some cases, the introduction of exotic species has been documented, as well as expansion of the distribution range of economically important species. We also verify an increase in the similarities between the Brazilian phycogeographic provinces, although they still remain different. It is possible that these changes have resulted from the warming of South Atlantic water, as observed for its surface in southeastern Brazilian, mainly during the winter. However, unplanned urbanization of coastal areas can also produce similar biodiversity losses, which requires efforts to generate long-term temporal data on the composition, community structure and physiology of macroalgae.

The use of oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion to evaluate the toxicity of cadmium on Farfantepenaeus paulensis with respect to salinity.

The main purpose of the present study was to detect the acute toxicity of cadmium (Cd) in F. paulensis and to investigate its effect on oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion different salinities. First, we examined the acute toxicity of Cd in F. paulensis at 24, 48, 72, and 96-h lethal concentration (LC50). Cd was significantly more toxic at 5 salinity than at 20 and 36. The oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion were estimated through experiments performed on each of the twelve possible combinations of three salinities (36, 20 and 5), at temperature 20°C. Cd showed a reduction in oxygen consumption at 5 salinity, the results show that the oxygen consumption decreases with respect to the Cd concentration. At the highest Cd concentration employed (2 mg L(-1)), the salinity 5 and the temperature at 20°C, oxygen consumption decreases 53.7% in relation to the control. In addition, after separate exposure to Cd, elevation in ammonium excretion was obtained, wish were 72%, 65% and 95% higher than the control, respectively. The results show that Cd is more toxic to F. paulensis at lower salinities.

The birds at Ilha Comprida beach (São Paulo State, Brazil): a multivariate approach / Aves da praia da Ilha Comprida (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil): uma análise multivariada

Birds were censused weekly from January 1999 to January 2001 along Ilha Comprida beach, a barrier island off São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. To evaluate the similarity in the bird's species composition among the weekly surveys, species counts data were arranged on a data matrix with 144 weekly surveys, analyzed following a multivariate analysis protocol. We counted a total of 205,399 individuals and 52 species. Migratory birds were an important component of the avifauna (maximum N = 21,294 individuals and 14 species). The largest numbers of birds were observed during summer, when Nearctic migrants arrive. All 14 of the most common species were migrants, including Calidris alba, Sterna maxima, Charadrius semipalmatus, Sterna hirundo, Thalasseus maximus, Pluvialis dominica and Calidris fuscicollis. The most common residents were Thalasseus s. eurrygnathus, Larus dominicanus, Coragyps atratus, Fregata magnificens and Sterna hirundinacea. Recently, most of the peripheral area adjacent to the beach has been urbanized and rapid habitat change is progressing. In this paper, we establish a reference that will allow future comparisons to assess the impact of such urbanization on the composition of bird populations on Ilha Comprida.

As aves foram contadas semanalmente de janeiro 1999 a janeiro 2001 ao longo da praia de Ilha Comprida, sendo esta, uma ilha de barreira localizada ao sul do estado de São Paulo. Para se avaliar a similaridade da composição das aves, os dados das espécies foram arranjados numa matrix com 144 amostras semanais, estudados seguindo um protocolo de análise multivariada. Contou-se um total de 205.399 indivíduos de 52 espécies diferentes. As aves migratórias foram um componente importante da avifauna na ilha (máximo N = 21.294 indivíduos e 14 espécies). O maior número de aves foram observadas durante o verão, quando as migrantes nearticas chegaram. Dentre as 14 espécie migrantes identificadas as mais comuns foram: Calidris alba, Thalasseus maximus, Charadrius semipalmatus, Sterna hirundo, Pluvialis dominica and Calidris fuscicollis. Já as espécies residentes mais comuns foram: Thalasseus s. eurrygnathus, Larus dominicanus, Coragyps atratus, Fregata magnificens and Sterna hirundinacea Recentemente, a maior parte das áreas periféricas junto à praia estão sendo urbanizadas provocando mudanças rápidas do habitat. Neste trabalho, nós pretendemos estabelecer uma referência que permita futuras comparações, para se poder avaliar o impacto da urbanização na composição das populações das aves que são encontradas na praia da Comprida.