The Impact of Orthodontic Extrusion on Keratinized Gingiva.

Background and Objectives: The key factor that enables osteoblastic activity and the formation of new bone, as well as gingiva, during orthodontic tooth extrusion (OE) is the periodontal ligament. The reaction of periodontal tissues associated with changes in the gingiva is a part of orthodontic tooth displacement. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of OE on the width of the zone of the keratinized and attached gingiva, the position of the mucogingival junction, and the height of the interdental papillae in the region where the OE was performed as well as in the adjacent region. Materials and Methods: This research included 28 adult patients (both orthodontically treated and untreated). The treated group included 15 patients, in whom orthodontic extrusion of the upper or lower frontal teeth was indicated and performed. The untreated group included 13 patients, with no previous or undergoing orthodontic treatment. Patients with periodontal disease and periodontal pockets in the frontal region and patients allergic to iodine were excluded from the study. Gingivomorphometric measurements were performed on two occasions in three groups of teeth (24 extruded and 30 agonist teeth in the treated patients; 66 teeth in the untreated patients). Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using the software package SPSS version 26.0. Results: Orthodontic extrusion induced changes in the position of the mucogingival line and an increase in the width of the keratinized gingiva. There were no statistically significant effects on the depth of the gingival sulcus, the attached gingiva width, or the height of the interdental papillae. Conclusions: Orthodontic tooth extrusion has an effect on the periodontium in the observed region. Vertical orthodontic force, directed towards the coronal plane, affects the surrounding soft oral tissues.

Malocclusion from the prehistoric to the medieval times in Serbian population: Dentoalveolar and skeletal relationship comparisons in samples.

The aims of this study were to reconstruct and analyze dental occlusion and skeletal jaw relationship in samples from Mesolithic-Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and Medieval times in Serbia, to compare results and to determine possible direction of the occlusal changes. Anatomically preserved skulls with mandibles and most of the posterior teeth were included in the investigation. Dental occlusion was reconstructed using the position of centric occlusion and centric relation and analyzed according to Angle's classification. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were traced manually. Site differences were tested by one-way ANOVA, while sex, age and site impacts were analyzed by UNIANOVA. Most of the individuals in all groups had Class I occlusion. Half-cusp distal occlusion was also present in all groups, but there were no significant differences between the groups. Cephalometric analysis showed no differences in the sagittal measurements, almost all individuals had skeletal Class I jaw relationship. Vertical traits analysis revealed markedly decreased basal plane angle and also decreased posterior facial height and sum of the posterior angles in the oldest group in comparison to the later groups. These results indicate that in the Serbian skeletal sample from the Mesolithic-Neolithic to the Medieval times, malocclusions were present in the form of dentoalveolar Class II occlusion. Skeletal deep bite was found in the oldest group, while horizontal growth pattern decreased from prehistoric to the Medieval times. Samples were too small to confirm environmental impact on the vertical skeletal discrepancies.

Dental occlusion analysis in the Mesolithic-Neolithic Age, Bronze Age, and Roman to Medieval times in Serbia: Tooth size comparison in skeletal samples.

OBJECTIVE: Anthropological studies have reported that tooth size decreases in the context of diet changes. Some investigations have found a reverse trend in tooth size from the prehistoric to the modern times. The aims of this study were to analyze tooth size in skeletal samples from Mesolithic-Neolithic Age, Bronze Age, and Roman to Medieval times to determine sex differences and establish a temporal trend in tooth size in the aforementioned periods. DESIGN: Well-preserved permanent teeth were included in the investigation. The mesiodistal (MD) diameter of all teeth and buccolingual (BL) diameter of the molars were measured. Effects of sex and site were tested by one-way ANOVA, and the combined effect of these factors was analyzed by UNIANOVA. RESULTS: Sexual dimorphism was present in the BL diameters of all molars and MD diameters of the upper first and the lower third molar. The lower canine was the most dimorphic tooth in the anterior region. The MD diameter of most teeth showed no significant difference between the groups, (sample from: Mesolithic-Neolithic Age-group 1; Bronze Age-group 2; Roman times-group 3; Medieval times-group 4), whereas the BL diameters of the upper second and the lower first molar were the largest in the first group. Multiple comparisons revealed a decrease in the BL diameter of the upper second and the lower first molar from the first to the later groups. Lower canine MD diameter exhibited an increase in the fourth group compared to the second group. CONCLUSION: On the basis of the MD diameter, a temporal trend could not be observed for most of the teeth. The lower canine exhibited an increase in the MD diameter from the prehistoric to the Medieval times. Changes of BL diameter were more homogeneous, suggesting that the temporal trend of molar size decreased from the Mesolithic-Neolithic to Medieval times in Serbia.

[Teeth size reduction in the prehistoric populations in Serbia].

INTRODUCTION: Anthropological studies show craniofacial changes with a reduction in teeth size during evolution of the human population. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to measure and compare the sizes of teeth in the population of the Mesolithic-Neolithic sites in the Iron Gate Gorge and the population from the Early Bronze Age site of Mokrin. METHODS: The study included teeth without advanced wear near the pulp. The material was divided according to the site of the skeletal population in two groups. Group 1 comprised 107 teeth from the Mesolithic-Neolithic sites Lepenski Vir and Vlasac. Group 2 included 158 teeth from the Mokrin graveyard dated in the Early Bronze Age. The mesio-distal diameter was measured in all teeth, while the vestibulo-oral diameter was measured in the molars only. Using the two-factor analysis of variance, the influence of sex, site and their interaction on the size of the teeth were investigated. RESULTS: The vestibulo-oral diameter of the upper third molar was significantly higher in males compared to females. The comparison between the groups showed that the vestibulooral diameter of the lower first molar was significantly higher in group 1. CONCLUSION: The present difference in teeth size indicates the existence of reduction during the prehistoric times. However, the time period between the populations studied is probably too short to be manifested on a large number of teeth.

Scanning electron microscopic examination of Enamel surface after fixed orthodontic treatment: in-vivo study.

INTRODUCTION: Therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances starts with bracket bonding and ends with debonding of brackets, leaving enamel surface varied. Objective The aim of this pilot study was to examine enamel surface before and after debonding of orthodontic brackets by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). METHODS: Epoxy replicas of four patients' premolars indicated for therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances were made and brackets were bonded to their teeth with a different adhesives (Enlight, No-mix, Fuji Ortho LC and Heliosit Orthodontic) (n=4).Two months later, brackets on premolars were debonded and amounts of adhesive left on the tooth surfaces and the bracket bases were evaluated with the adhesive remnant index (ARI). After resin removal, epoxy replicas were made and the surface of premolars was evaluated with the enamel surface index (ESI). All replicas of premolars (n=32) were prepared for SEM examination and compared under different magnifications. Tooth damage was estimated based on correlation between ARItooth and ESI. RESULTS: Pearson's chi2 test showed no significant differences between ARItooth and ARIbracket of four materials used. Nonparametric correlations showed significant differences between ARItooth and ARIbracket, ESI and ARItooth, and between ESI and ARIbracket. Increasing of ARItooth is followed with the descent of ARIbracket and the ascent of ESI. Multivariate regression analysis showed a significant correlation between ESI and ARItooth. CONCLUSION: Most bond failures took place at enamel-adhesive interface. ARItooth was a predictor to enamel surface damage. The type of material did not affect enamel surface damage.