Characterization of Risk Factors for Modeling of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Induced by a High-Fat Diet in C57BL/6 Mice.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. C57BL/6 mice prone to obesity and leptin resistance were kept on a high-fat diet for 21 weeks. The animals showed a significant increase in fasting and postprandial glucose levels and body weight, the development of insulin resistance, and by week 18, an increase in the serum TNFα level. Metformin therapy at a dose of 250 mg/kg was effective against the background of disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism: animals showed a significant decrease in insulin resistance and TNFα level.

Modeling of Chronic Lung Inflammation in Rats by Repeated Intratracheal Administration of LPS.

A model of a chronic lung inflammation in SPF Sprague-Dawley rats was developed by repeated intratracheal administration of LPS in a dose of 0.4 mg/kg. On day 22 of the study, male rats treated with LPS have relative monocytopenia and reduced mean concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte and the mean platelet volume in comparison with the control animals (saline). Intratracheal administration of LPS induced an inflammatory process in the lungs characterized by focal atelectasis, compensatory emphysematous expansion of subpleural pulmonary acini, focal mononuclear and neutrophilic perivascular and peribronchial infiltration, and minor focal mononuclear and neutrophilic infiltration of the alveolar walls. Against the background of LPS administration, germinal centers appeared in the lymphoid follicles of the white pulp of the spleen, and focal mononuclear infiltration of the tracheal mucosa and/or submucosa was observed in some animals.

Discerning Comparison of 1 and 0.5% Ethylene Glycol in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Modeled Urolithiasis.

A common method of modeling urolithiasis is the use of 1 and 0.75% ethylene glycol, or a combination of ethylene glycol with other lithogens, but too rapid progression of the disease and multiple organ toxicity have been reported. We developed a urolithiasis model in Sprague-Dawley rats, in which the animals received a relatively low concentration of ethylene glycol (0.5%), but for a long-term period (6 weeks) followed by animal observation during the 6-week recovery period. In urine samples, signs of the urolithiasis development were observed starting from the sixth week: the presence of ketones, decrease in diuresis and urine pH; in the blood, urea, protein, and hematocrit were elevated. However, no leukocytes were detected in the urine; in the blood, no shifts in differential leukocyte count and no elevation in ALT, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were observed, which indicates the absence of multiple organ failure while using 1% ethylene glycol. In addition, the animals receiving 0.5% ethylene glycol were followed up to 12 weeks in contrast to animals receiving 1% ethylene glycol (the experiment in this case was stopped during the third week for ethical reasons).

Effect of Standard and High-Fat Diets during Modeling of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats on the Development of Complications.

For evaluation of the effect of high-fat diet on the development of diabetic complications, the rats were maintained on standard or high-fat diet. In 3 weeks, diabetes mellitus was modeled by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Changes in hematological parameters, physical and biochemical parameters of the urine, and in the development of thermal allodynia were different after 15-week standard and high-fat diets.

Nurses' Attitude Towards Various Hand Hygiene Products. Soap vs Antiseptics.

BACKGROUND: According to the latest recommendations of WHO, in most situations requiring hands treatment, alcohol-based skin antiseptics should be used. This study is aimed to determine the awareness and preferences of nurses in the city of Moscow regarding the choice of methods regarding hand hygiene treatment and the factors influencing this choice. STUDY DESIGN: Using the specially designed questionnaire, 184 nurses working in Moscow hospitals were interviewed to find out the attitude of nurses to various methods of hand hygiene. METHODS: The questionnaire was developed on the basis of WHO Recommendations and Russian Recommendations. The survey was conducted from May 2017 to July 2017. To confirm the statistical significance of the identified associations a chi-square test was used. To find the 95% confidence interval to the relative values the Clopper-Pearson method was used. RESULTS: Only 3 (1.63%) of respondents indicated that they use antiseptic as the most frequently used hand hygiene product, 27 (14.67%) use liquid soap more often, 153 (83.15%) indicated that they use soap and antiseptic with equal frequency. In none of the standard situations we examined the use of antiseptic was the most frequent choice. Only in three cases antiseptic was chosen more often than soap - before and after manipulations with wounds and catheters (36.96%) or before performing invasive procedures (36.41%) and after contact with biological material (29.35%). At the same time nurses with more than 15 years of experience have preferred antiseptic. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the study it can be assumed that despite the implementation of the Russian guidelines on hand hygiene developed according to WHO recommendations, nurses prefer the traditional method of washing hands with soap. This suggests that in the current conditions additional measures are needed to train nurses and to monitor their work.

[Correlation betwen the 17-beta-estradiol content in the blood and the estrogen excretion level in pergonal-500 stimulation of ovulation]. / Korreliatsionnaia zavisimost' mezhdu soderzhaniem éstradiol-17 beta v krovi i urovnem éksrketsii éstrogenov pri stimuliatsii ovuliatsii pergonalom-500.

Correlation between 17 beta-estradiol blood content and the excretion of estrogens was studied during 19 cycles in 10 women with amenorrhea treated with pergonal-500. A high degree of correlation between two lines of values has been observed (r = 0.89 +/- 0.03). It is concluded that both methods are equally informative in the evaluation of pergonal therapeutic effect.