Beach litter in three South American countries: A baseline for restarting monitoring and cleaning after COVID-19 closure.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused that most countries established the closure of many beaches, affecting the scientific monitoring of thousands of coastal sectors. This article shows the status of beach litter in South America before and after COVID-19 closure. The data were obtained during the years 2019, 2020 and 2022 on 25 beaches using a technique BLAT-QQ. The results show that cigarette butts were the most frequent type of litter, meanwhile Brazil should improve cleanliness of general gross litter and gross polystyrene. Colombia gross vegetation litter and small vegetation litter, and Ecuador organic litter from animals. The results shown in qualitative and quantitative manner facilitate their understanding for managers, scholars and activists interested on beach litter monitoring. This baseline is useful to analyse regional and worldwide marine litter trends with the purpose to start or restart monitoring of tourist beaches from a science-based method.

Integrative assessment of immunity, health-state, growth and survival of Magellanic penguin chicks in a colony exposed to ecotourism.

Accumulating reports of negative impacts of tourist activities on wildlife emphasize the importance of closely monitoring focal populations. Although some effects are readily noticed, more subtle ones such as changes in physiological functions of individuals might go overlooked. Based on evidence of altered physiology associated with ecotourism on Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus, here we performed an integrated assessment using a diverse physiological toolkit together with more traditional fitness-related measures to better understand mechanisms and potential consequences. Chicks exposed to tourism showed altered immune parameters and elevated flea prevalence, reinforcing previous findings. Tourism-exposed female, but not male, chicks also showed relatively lower hematocrit and plasma protein levels, providing evidence consistent with a sex-specific response to tourist visitation. Physiological alterations detected in tourism-exposed young chicks (week 1-2) were maintained and the effect on flea infestation increased during the study period (week 4-5 of post-hatch). Despite the effects on physiology, these did not seem to translate into immediate fitness costs. No detectable tourism effects were found on brood sex ratios, chick growth and body condition, and survival until week 5-6 post-hatch. We detected no effects on reproductive output and only a marginal effect on nest survival during incubation despite previous reports of tourism-associated alterations in stress indices of adults. This disconnection could result if the physiological changes are not strong enough to impact fitness, if effects balance each other out, or if changes are part of a copying strategy. Alternatively, the physiological alterations might only show impacts later in the brooding cycle or even after chick emancipation from their parents. Our results suggest that integrative monitoring of potential anthropogenic impacts on wildlife should include evaluation of physiological mechanisms and individual-level responses in populations exposed to human activities.

The impact of our fight.

The association of parents of children and adolescents with cancer (APNACC), is a nongovernmental organization law institution, with legal status, nonprofit and social aid, whose mission, vision and objectives is to ensure the rights of the children and adolescents so that they are not violated, in addition to guiding and directing parents who enter this world of childhood and adolescent cancer, because we believe that addressing in time saves lives and optimizes resources. Through this article, it is intended to describe the impact that APNACC has had on this cause, the fight against childhood and adolescent cancer; from achieving a state law for free care for catastrophic and orphan or rare diseases, to obtaining approval of a basic list of medications.

Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies abscessus infection associated with cosmetic surgical procedures: Cases series.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium abscessus is one of the most pathogenic and drug-resistant opportunistic microorganisms among the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) involved in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) associated with cosmetic surgical procedures. However, NTM infection is often wrongly diagnosed initially causing prolonged suffering. Here is described the author's experience working with patients who developed M. abscessus SSTI after cosmetic procedures. METHODS: Patients who developed NTM infection after undergoing cosmetic procedures, and who presented at the Hospital Metropolitano and Hospital Vozandes (Quito, Ecuador) between 2013-2016. A review of patient medical records was performed. RESULTS: Five patients with culture proven M. abscessus subspecies abscessus SSTI after cosmetic surgeries were identified. All patients were treated with aggressive surgical debridement and antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: A rapidly spreading wound infection presenting two or more weeks after a cosmetic procedure that fails to respond to standard antimicrobial therapy should raise suspicion for NTM infection. Samples for acid-fast bacilli smear, cultures, and PCR from infected tissue should be taken. Surgical drainage and debridement are recommended along with a long course of antibiotics. In the absence of clinical trials, a combination of amikacin, imipenem, and clarithromycin may be an adequate initial treatment for M. abscessus subspecies abscessus SSTI in immunocompetent patients.

Sarcoma fibromixoide intracraneal primario de bajo grado: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Low-grade fibro-myxoid sarcoma of intracranial origin: A case report and literature review

Resumen El sarcoma fibromixoide de bajo grado (LGFMS) es un tumor de tejidos blandos de origen mesenquimal. Los sarcomas son un grupo heterogéneo, que representa el 1% de todas las neoplasias. Los sarcomas primarios del sistema nervioso central (SNC) son raros y representan solo el 0,7% del total de sarcomas, con una incidencia estimada de 3 por cada 10 millones de personas por año. En este artículo, se describe el caso de una mujer de 59 años que presentó un sarcoma fibromixoide intracraneal de bajo grado, localizado en la región parietal derecha. Se discute el curso clínico, estudios de imágenes, características histopatológicas y tratamiento de este diagnóstico infrecuente y, por lo mismo, muy poco reportado. El diagnóstico definitivo se obtiene, ciertamente, mediante estudios histo-patológicos.

Summary Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a soft tissue tumor of mesenchymal origin. Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group, representing 1% of all neoplasm diagnoses. Primary sarcomas of the central nervous system (CNS) are rare, and represent only 0.7% of all sarcomas, with an estimated incidence of 3 per 10 million people per year. The case of a 59-year-old woman who developed a low-grade intracranial fibromyxoid sarcoma in the right parietal region, is described. The clinical course, imaging studies, histopathological features, and treatment approach of this unusual diagnosis, are discussed. Low-grade intracranial fibromyxoid sarcoma is a rare and probably under- reported condition. The definitive diagnosis is usually made through histo-pathological studies.

Widespread infection of Areospora rohanae in southern king crab (Lithodes santolla) populations across south Chilean Patagonia.

Cottage cheese disease is caused by microsporidian parasites that infect a wide range of animal populations. Despite its potential to affect economically important activities, the spatial patterns of prevalence of this disease are still not well understood. Here, we analyse the occurrence of the microsporidian Areospora rohanae in populations of the king crab Lithodes santolla over ca 800 km of the southeastern Pacific shore. In winter 2011, conical pots were deployed between 50 and 200 m depth to capture crabs of a wide range of sizes. The infection was widely distributed along the region, with a mean prevalence of 16%, and no significant association between prevalence and geographical location was detected. Males, females and ovigerous females showed similar prevalence values of 16.5 (13-18.9), 15 (9.2-15) and 16.7% (10-19%), respectively. These patterns of prevalence were consistent across crab body sizes, despite the ontogenetic and sex-dependent variations in feeding behaviour and bathymetric migrations previously reported for king crabs. This study provided the first report of the geographical distribution of A. rohanae infecting southern king crabs.

Espirometría: Manual de procedimientos. SERChile / Spirometry Procedure Manual. SER Chile 2018

La espirometría es una prueba fundamental en la evaluación funcional respiratoria. Actualmente es muy utilizada debido a su bajo costo y aceptable reproducibilidad incluso en niños entre 2 y 6 años de vida. Considerando la importancia de aplicar procedimientos estandarizados para realizar espirometrías, el año 2006 un comité de especialistas en función pulmonar de la Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias, elaboró un manual de procedimientos para realizar espirometrías. El año 2014 se publicaron ecuaciones de referencia para adultos chilenos y recientemente se han publicado recomendaciones para estandarizar el informe de los resultados de las pruebas de Función Pulmonar por las Sociedades Americana y Europea de Enfermedades Respiratorias ATS/ERS 2017. El objetivo de esta publicación ha sido actualizar el manual de procedimientos ya existente e incluir los nuevos conceptos de espirometrías en preescolares, valores de referencia, formato e interpretación de los informes.

Spirometry is a basic test for assessing pulmonary function. This test is largely used nowadays, because of its low cost and acceptable reproducibility. Its feasibility has been shown even in 2 to 6 year old children. Considering the importance of applying standardized techniques in spirometry, a committee of specialists on pulmonary function from Chilean Respiratory Society, published in 2006 a procedures manual on spirometry. By 2014 new spirometric reference equations for healthy Chilean adults were published and more recently in 2017, the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society have published recommendations for a standardized pulmonary function report. The aim of this manual is to report international norms performing spirometry, in order to promote their application in clinical and laboratory practice. In addition, this reviewed manual encloses newest concepts on spirometry in preschool children, reference values, and a general assent way for interpreting and reporting spirometric values at clinical and at laboratory work is proposed.

The Geographic Structure of Viruses in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin, a Unique Oasis in Northern Mexico, Reveals a Highly Diverse Population on a Small Geographic Scale.

The Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) is located in the Chihuahuan desert in the Mexican state of Coahuila; it has been characterized as a site with high biological diversity despite its extreme oligotrophic conditions. It has the greatest number of endemic species in North America, containing abundant living microbialites (including stromatolites and microbial mats) and diverse microbial communities. With the hypothesis that this high biodiversity and the geographic structure should be reflected in the virome, the viral communities in 11 different locations of three drainage systems, Churince, La Becerra, and Pozas Rojas, and in the intestinal contents of 3 different fish species, were analyzed for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic RNA and DNA viruses using next-generation sequencing methods. Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus families were the most abundant (72.5% of reads), followed by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses (2.9%) and ssRNA and dsRNA virus families (0.5%). Thirteen families had dsDNA genomes, five had ssDNA, three had dsRNA, and 16 had ssRNA. A highly diverse viral community was found, with an ample range of hosts and a strong geographical structure, with very even distributions and signals of endemicity in the phylogenetic trees from several different virus families. The majority of viruses found were bacteriophages but eukaryotic viruses were also frequent, and the large diversity of viruses related to algae were a surprise, since algae are not evident in the previously analyzed aquatic systems of this ecosystem. Animal viruses were also frequently found, showing the large diversity of aquatic animals in this oasis, where plants, protozoa, and archaea are rare.IMPORTANCE In this study, we tested whether the high biodiversity and geographic structure of CCB is reflected in its virome. CCB is an extraordinarily biodiverse oasis in the Chihuahuan desert, where a previous virome study suggested that viruses had followed the marine ancestry of the marine bacteria and, as a result of their long isolation, became endemic to the site. In this study, which includes a larger sequencing coverage and water samples from other sites within the valley, we confirmed the high virus biodiversity and uniqueness as well as the strong biogeographical diversification of the CCB. In addition, we also analyzed fish intestinal contents, finding that each fish species eats different prey and, as a result, presents different viral compositions even if they coexist in the same pond. These facts highlight the high and novel virus diversity of CCB and its "lost world" status.

Rol de la cirugía en cáncer de próstata oligometastásico / Surgery in Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer

Es indudable que el cáncer de próstata es objeto de permanente investigación dada su alta prevalencia y morbimortalidad asociada. Sin embargo, el cáncer oligometastásico reconocido como una entidad aparte, es un tópico ha ido ganando interés durante los últimos años. Se ha propuesto que el cáncer oligometastásico podría ser considerado una etapa previa al cáncer metastásico avanzado, dada su evolución más indolente, permitiendo plantear nuevos cursos de tratamiento y nuevos enfrentamientos terapéuticos, que los utilizados en etapas más complejas. En este trabajo se realizó una revisión no-sistemática de la literatura actual respecto al rol de la cirugía en el cáncer oligometastásico, para esto se utilizaron las bases de datos Pubmed y MGH Treadwell Library, con limites dentro de los últimos 10 años además de publicaciones en las revistas Journal of Urology y European Urology. Se revisaron bases de datos chilenas reportadas en Datos Estadísticos e Información en Salud (DEIS). Históricamente, el tratamiento estándar para cáncer de próstata metastásico ha sido el tratamiento paliativo a largo plazo con terapia de deprivación de andrógenos (ADT). Sin embargo, basado en el comportamiento particular que presentaría el cáncer de próstata oligometastásico, se han realizado estudios en los que la cirugía cada vez juega un rol más protagónico. Los nuevos datos son altamente sugerentes que la cirugía podría representar una modalidad terapéutica útil en el manejo de cáncer de próstata oligometastásico. Sin embargo, aún es necesario definir protocolos respecto al manejo de esta entidad y se requieren mayores estudios para definir cuál sería la mejor forma de lograr resultados o si presentaría beneficio asociar el manejo quirúrgico a otras terapias complementarias. AU

There is no doubt that prostate cancer is subject of permanent research because of its high prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality. However, oligometastatic cancer as a particular entity, is a topic that has been gaining interest over the past few years. It has been proposed that oligometastatic cancer could be considered a stage prior to advanced metastatic cancer, given its more indolent course, allowing to consider if there would be benefits in new therapeutic approaches than those used in more advanced stages. In this paper, we performed a non-systematic review of the current literature regarding the role of surgery in oligometastatic cancer, using Pubmed and MGH Treadwell Library databases with limits within the last 10 years. And also, publications in journals as "European Urology" and "Journal of Urology". Chilean databases reported in "Datos Estadísticos e Información en Salud" (DEIS) were reviewed. Historically, the standard treatment for metastatic prostate cancer has been long-term palliative treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, based on the particular behavior of oligometastatic prostate cancer, studies have been performed in which surgical treatment is playing a more prominent role. The new data is highly suggestive that surgery could represent a useful therapeutic modality in the management of prostate cancer. However, it is still necessary to define protocols regarding the management of this entity and more studies are required to achieve this and define what would be the best way to accomplish results or whether it would be beneficial to associate surgical management with other complementary therapies.AU

Ateneo General de la Residencia de Psicopedagogía: Que no sea Tabú: La sexualidad en la práctica psicopedagógica / General athenaeum of the Psychopedagogy Residence: Not taboo: Sexuality in psychopedagogical practice

Ateneo basado en tres ejes principales: Concepción de sexualidad; Sexualidad a lo largo de la vida, especialmente en los primeros tiempos del sujeto, en la latencia y en la pubertad; y abordaje de la sexualidad en la escuela y en las familias. Este último eje toma en cuenta lineamientos legales, la aplicación de la ley de Educación Sexual Integral en la escuela, el trabajo del equipo de salud proveniente del Área programática del Hospital en los talleres, las representaciones sociales de docentes, padres y alumnos, la sexualidad y educación, y el rol importante de los medios masivos de comunicación.

Cumplimiento de analgesia peridural solicitada versus administrada en partos vaginales, durante el periodo 2014-2016 en el Hospital Hernán Henriquez Aravena / Compliance with epidural analgesia requested versus administered in vaginal deliveries, during the period 2014-2016 at the Hospital Hernán Henriquez Aravena

INTRODUCCIÓN: El dolor que se asocia al trabajo de parto (TDP) afecta a todas las mujeres y puede producir alteraciones tanto maternas como fetales, e incluso interferir con el desarrollo normal del proceso. OBJETIVO: Conocer el grado de cumplimiento de solicitud de analgesia peridural en partos vaginales en el servicio de preparto del Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena (HHHA) versus la analgesia administrada. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, realizado en base a datos del sistema perinatal del servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del HHHA, periodo 2014-2016. RESULTADOS: Del total de partos Vaginales entre los años 2014-2016 solo se solicitó Analgesia Peridural en 56.5% de ellos. De las analgesias solicitadas en éste período se administraron un 98%. CONCLUSIÓN: Basado en los registros clínicos, el grado de cumplimiento es cercano al 100% en las analgesias solicitadas. Se observó un incremento anual entre 2014 y 2016 de solicitud de anestesia en procedimientos de parto, y a pesar de esto la eficiencia del hospital no se ha visto afectada. No obstante, se espera que el porcentaje de solicitudes siga en aumento manteniendo el alto nivel de eficiencia. Es pertinente plantear la realización de estudios para extrapolar este resultado a nivel regional y nacional.

INTRODUCTION: Pain associated with labor affects all women and can cause both maternal and fetal alterations and even interfere with the normal development of the process. Objective: to know the degree of compliance with the request for epidural analgesia in vaginal deliveries versus the analgesia administered at the Hernán Henríquez Aravena Hospital (HHHA). Method: Retrospective descriptive study, based on data from the perinatal system of the HHHA Gynecology and Obstetrics Service, period 2014-2016. Results: Of the total number of Vaginal births between 2014-2016 only 56.5% of them were requested for epidural analgesia. Of the analgesia requested in this period, 98% were administered. Conclusion: Based on the clinical records, the degree of compliance is close to 100% in the requested analgesia. There was an annual increase between 2014 and 2016 in the application of anesthesia in childbirth procedures, and despite this, hospital efficiency has not been affected. However, the percentage of applications is expected to continue to increase while maintaining the high level of efficiency. It is pertinent to propose studies to extrapolate this result at regional and national levels.

[Multidose treatment of methotrexate in cornual ectopic pregnancy]. / Protocolo de tratamiento multidosis con metotrexato a pacientes con embarazo-ectópico cornual.

BACKROUND: Ectopic pregnancy represents a common entity when the differential diagnosis of first trimester pathologies is performed. Extratubal location, nonetheless, is an in unfrequent situation that delays and difficults the diagnoses. CASE REPORT: 41-year-old women who goes to clinic for a pregnancy test, which proved positive done. During normal ultrasonographic we observed attached with endometrial 8 mm thick, without gestational sac inside, no free liquid in the bottom of the pouch of Douglas. In the left cornual region had a suggestive image of ectopic pregnancy, of 2.8 cm, with embryo without cardiac activity, tested with Doppler color, according to 6 weeks of amenorrhea was observed. The level of ß-HCG was 17,656 mU/mL, which confirmed the diagnosis of corneal ectopic pregnancy. Multidose protocol of methotrexate and folinic acid was prescribed at a dose of 50 mg on days 1, 3, 5 and 7, and 5 mg in the days 2, 4, 6 and 8, respectively. After 14 days of treatment a new ß-HCG study control was made, which results was 2,519 mU/mL. From that time we take a weekly control studies of the ß-HCG until was negative (six months later). The multidose protocol of methotrexate and folinic acid is an effective treatment in patients with cornual ectopic pregnancy.

Bioaccessibility and arsenic speciation in carrots, beets and quinoa from a contaminated area of Chile.

Consumption of vegetables grown in arsenic (As)-contaminated soils is an important exposure route to the element for humans. The present study is focused on locally-grown, frequently-consumed vegetables, such as carrots (Daucus carota), beets (Beta vulgaris) and quinoa (Chenopodium) from the As-polluted Chiu Chiu area in Northern Chile. The latter region is affected both by As discharge from copper mining activity and natural As contamination, leading to a high As content in local food and water. For the selected vegetables, the following aspects were investigated: i) Their total As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd and Mn content; ii) Arsenic speciation in the edible part of the vegetables by liquid chromatography inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICPMS) analysis; iii) Arsenic bioaccessibility in the vegetables during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion; iv) Arsenic species present in the extracts obtained from in vitro gastrointestinal digestion; and v) Arsenic dietary exposure estimates for the assessment of the risk posed by the vegetables consumption. A significant degree of As contamination was found in the vegetables under study, their metal content having been compared with that of similar Spanish uncontaminated products. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the studied vegetables led to quantitative extraction of As from carrots and beets, whereas efficiency was about 40% for quinoa. For carrots, only As(III) and As(V) species were found, being their concentration levels similar. In the case of quinoa, around 85% of the element was present as As(V). For beets, inorganic As(V) and unknown overlapped As species (probably arsenosugars) were found. No significant transformation of the original As species was observed during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Arsenic dietary exposure values obtained for the three vegetables (0.017-0.021µg As person(-1)day(-1)) were much lower than the JFCFA's safety limit of 50µg As person(-1)day(-1). Therefore, no toxicological risk would be expected from the intake of these vegetables.

[Gatrointestinal stromal tumor: a case report]. / Tumor del estroma gastrointestinal: reporte de un caso.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the most common mesenquimal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. A preoperative diagnose of GIST it is very difficult to make, but up to 5% of the cases initially appear as a pelvic mass. Clinical case: 45-year-old patient attended in medical service by unspecific pain in the lower abdomen of several weeks of evolution. The abdominopelvic tomography evidence collection of 9×8 cm above of the uterus and sigma's right with air in the cavity, it is was compatible with pelvic abscess. Due to increased pain, we realized emergency exploratory laparotomy, which showed a 14 cm tumor, dependent of the small intestine, without ascites or involvement other organs of the digestive or reproductive tract. The excision of the tumor was successfully (non intraoperative rupture). The pathological study reported a bowel piece of 20 cm, in which a tumor of 14 cm with large central cavitation was identified. Histologically showed diffuse growth pattern and neoplastic epithelioid cells with low rate of mitosis (mitosis 1-2/5 mm2). The immunohistochemistry test reports strong expression of DOG-1 and focal expression in CD117 (c-kit), with very low proliferation index (Ki67). The molecular pathology study identified a mutation in exon 11, codon 557-558, the c-kit gene in the p.W557_K558del position. We use imatinib (400 mg/24 h) from the second month after surgery. Today keep in treatment, and clinical and laboratories following every month: in addition, to CT scans scheduled every 6 months.

Comparative Study of Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and Color-composition Relation of Roselle Cultivars with Contrasting Pigmentation.

Roselle is a plant that accumulates anthocyanins significantly, hence its importance as food coloring and as a source of antioxidant compounds for human health. This study was aimed to determine phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts, and beverages obtained from native roselle cultivars in Mexico (Negra, Sudan, Rosa and Blanca) with different degrees of pigmentation, and to establish the color-composition relationship. Chromatographic methods were used to determine phenolic compounds: flavanols, flavonols, benzoic, hibiscus and phenolic acids as well as two main anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-sambubioside and delphinidin 3-sambubioside). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by ABTS and FRAP assays. Tristimulus colorimetry showed to be a useful technique to determine the color-composition relationship, leading to equations that allowed to predict anthocyanin content of roselle (R > 0.84). Also, a stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) was developed in order to classify roselle cultivars. The obtained mathematical model could be an important tool to be used in colorimetric characterization of functional compounds used in food processing.

Current status of prenatal diagnosis in Cuba: causes of low prevalence of Down syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze trends in cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis in Cuba and to analyze possible causes leading to a low Down syndrome prevalence in a country where the triple test is not available. METHODS: An analysis of the Cuban program in prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis from 1984 to 2012 was conducted. Results are described, with particular emphasis on indications, abnormal results, types of invasive procedures, and terminations of pregnancy. RESULTS: Cytogenetic prenatal diagnostic analyses (n = 75,095) were conducted; maternal age was the indication for 77.9% of the amniocenteses and chorionic villus samplings. The detection rate of chromosomally abnormal pregnancies was 2.3% for maternal age and increased to 8-9% for other indications. When a chromosomal abnormality was identified, 88.5% terminated the pregnancy. In 2002, the live birth prevalence of Down syndrome was 8.4 per 10,000 live births, and in 2012, 7 per 10,000. CONCLUSION: Prenatal diagnosis in Cuba has contributed to a significant reduction in chromosomal aberrations. The impact increased because of the demographic trends of the population, the high index of terminations of pregnancy, and the establishment of a network of cytogenetic laboratories throughout Cuba.

Removal of bacteria, protozoa and viruses through a multiple-barrier household water disinfection system.

Municipal water disinfection systems in some areas are not always able to meet water consumer needs, such as ensuring distributed water quality, because household water management can be a contributing factor in water re-contamination. This fact is related to the storage options that are common in places where water is scarce or is distributed over limited time periods. The aim of this study is to assess the removal capacity of a multiple-barrier water disinfection device for protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. Water samples were taken from households in Mexico City and spiked with a known amount of protozoa (Giardia cyst, Cryptosporidium oocyst), bacteria (Escherichia coli), and viruses (rotavirus, adenovirus, F-specific ribonucleic acid (FRNA) coliphage). Each inoculated sample was processed through a multiple-barrier device. The efficiency of the multiple-barrier device to remove E. coli was close to 100%, and more than 87% of Cryptosporidium oocysts and more than 98% of Giardia cysts were removed. Close to 100% of coliphages were removed, 99.6% of the adenovirus was removed, and the rotavirus was almost totally removed. An effect of site by zone was detected; this observation is important because the water characteristics could indicate the efficiency of the multiple-barrier disinfection device.

Addressing conflicts of interest in the research paper: a societal demand in contemporary science?

In the last decade, dialogue between science and society has found a forum in an increasing number of publications on topics such as public engagement with science and public trust in science. Concerning the latter, issues that include cases of research misconduct, accountability in research, and conflicts of interest (COIs) have shaped global discussions on the communication of science. In the publication setting, the perception that hiding COIs and/or not managing them well may affect public trust in the research record has grown among editors. We conducted a search for editorials addressing COIs between 1989 and 2011, using four major databases: Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge. We explored the content of these editorials and the relationship they established between COIs and the public trust in science. Our results demonstrate that the relationship between disclosure of COIs and public trust in science has become a major concern among editors. We, thus, argue that COIs should be discussed more openly and frequently in graduate courses in the sciences, around the globe, not only in biomedical but also in non-biomedical areas. This is a critical issue in contemporary science, as graduate students are the future voices and decision-makers of the research community. Therefore, COIs, especially in the broader context of science and society, merit closer attention from policymakers, researchers, and educators. At times of great expectations for public engagement with science, mishandling of COIs may have undesirable consequences for public engagement with science and confidence in the scientific endeavor.

Addressing conflicts of interest in the research paper: a societal demand in contemporary science?

In the last decade, dialogue between science and society has found a forum in an increasing number of publications on topics such as public engagement with science and public trust in science. Concerning the latter, issues that include cases of research misconduct, accountability in research, and conflicts of interest (COIs) have shaped global discussions on the communication of science. In the publication setting, the perception that hiding COIs and/or not managing them well may affect public trust in the research record has grown among editors. We conducted a search for editorials addressing COIs between 1989 and 2011, using four major databases: Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge. We explored the content of these editorials and the relationship they established between COIs and the public trust in science. Our results demonstrate that the relationship between disclosure of COIs and public trust in science has become a major concern among editors. We, thus, argue that COIs should be discussed more openly and frequently in graduate courses in the sciences, around the globe, not only in biomedical but also in non-biomedical areas. This is a critical issue in contemporary science, as graduate students are the future voices and decision-makers of the research community. Therefore, COIs, especially in the broader context of science and society, merit closer attention from policymakers, researchers, and educators. At times of great expectations for public engagement with science, mishandling of COIs may have undesirable consequences for public engagement with science and confidence in the scientific endeavor.

Bisfosfonatos en cirugía oral: Revisión de literatura / Bisphosphonates in Oral Surgery: Literature Review

Los bisfosfonatos son fármacos de gran utilidad en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de ciertas enfermedades metabólicas óseas. Son utilizados en el tratamiento de mielomas múltiples, metástasis óseas y la hipercalcemia maligna, así como en la prevención y tratamiento de enfermedades del sistema óseo esquelético como la enfermedad de Paget y especialmente la osteoporosis. El objetivo de la presente revisión de literatura es presentar las consideraciones para el tratamiento de los pacientes medicados con bifosfonatos que van a ser sometidos a alguna intervención de cirugía oral a fin de ofrecerles las mejores alternativas terapéuticas que garanticen el correcto manejo de los tejidos bucales y mejoren su calidad de vida.

Bisphosphonates are drugs useful in the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic bone diseases. They are used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, bone metastases, malignant hypercalcemia and in the prevention and treatment of diseases of the skeletal system as Paget’s disease and especially osteoporosis. The aim of this review is to present the considerations for the treatment of patients taking bisphosphonates that will be undergoing any type of oral surgery in order to provide the best treatment options to ensure the correct handling of the oral tissues and improve their quality of life.