RESUMO
Honey bee colonies are threatened by multiple factors including complex interactions between environmental and diseases such as parasitic mites and viruses. We compared the presence of honeybee-pathogenic viruses and Varroa infestation rate in four apiaries: commercial colonies that received treatment against Varroa and non-treated colonies that did not received any treatment for the last 4 years located in temperate and subtropical climate. In addition, we evaluated the effect of climate and Varroa treatment on deformed wing virus (DWV) amounts. In both climates, DWV was the most prevalent virus, being the only present virus in subtropical colonies. Moreover, colonies from subtropical climate also showed reduced DWV amounts and lower Varroa infestation rates than colonies from temperate climate. Nevertheless, non-treated colonies in both climate conditions are able to survive several years. Environment appears as a key factor interacting with local bee populations and influencing colony survival beyond Varroa and virus presence.
Assuntos
Abelhas/parasitologia , Abelhas/virologia , Varroidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vírus/classificação , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , ClimaRESUMO
El uso frecuente de medicamentos esteroideos constituye un riesgo de supresión del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal, en particular si el tratamiento se usa por más de cuatro semanas. El retiro planeado del medicamento y la evaluación oportuna mediante la prueba corta de estimulación con hormona adrenocorticotrópica permiten identificar los niños en riesgo de presentar una crisis o una insuficiencia adrenal, como también establecer la necesidad de suplementar a los pacientes con esteroides durante situaciones de estrés. En este artículo de revisión se describen los efectos de los esteroides sobre el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal en pacientes pediátricos, los esquemas de retiro gradual de los esteroides y las pruebas para evaluar la función del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-adrenal en dichos pacientes.
The frequent use of steroid drugs is considered a risk for suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, especially if the treatment is given for longer than four weeks. Planned withdrawal of the drug and timely assessment with a short adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test can aid in the identification of patients at risk for adrenal crisis or insufficiency, and also helps establish if patients need steroid supplementation during periods of increased stress. In this review article the effects that steroids have over the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are described as well as the various schemes of graduated steroid withdrawal, and the laboratory tests to evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in such patients.
