Prevalence of honeybee viruses in different regions of China and Argentina.

Honeybees are threatened by various pathogens and parasites. More than 18 viruses have been described in honeybees and many of them have been detected in China and Argentina. In China, both Apis cerana and Apis mellifera are raised. In Argentina, beekeepers raise different ecotypes of A. mellifera: European honeybees (in both temperate and subtropical regions) and Africanised honeybees (in subtropical areas only). A thorough study was carried out in both China and Argentina to analyse the current virus presence and distribution in different climatic zones and gather information on different bee species/subspecies. Adult honeybees were collected from apiaries in temperate and subtropical regions of China (including areas with exclusive populations of A. mellifera, areas where A. mellifera and A. cerana co-exist, and areas with exclusive populations of A. cerana) and Argentina. Six viruses, namely, deformed wing virus (DWV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), sacbrood virus (SBV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) were detected in China, both in A. cerana and in A. mellifera, while four viruses (DWV, BQCV, CBPV and ABPV) were present in Argentina. Interestingly, multiple infections were commonly found in China, with up to five different viruses co-circulating in some colonies without apparent abnormalities. In this study, no Chinese samples were positive for slow bee paralysis virus. The most prevalent viruses were BQCV (China) and DWV (Argentina). Kashmir bee virus was absent from samples analysed for both countries.

Les populations d'abeilles mellifères sont menacées par de nombreux agents pathogènes et parasites. Parmi eux, 18 virus ont été décrits, dont plusieurs ont été détectés en Chine et en Argentine. Les espèces d'abeilles mellifères élevées en Chine sont Apis cerana et Apis mellifera. En Argentine, les apiculteurs élèvent plusieurs écotypes d'A. mellifera : le type européen dans les régions tempérées et subtropicales et le type africanisé dans les zones subtropicales. Une étude approfondie a été réalisée en Chine et en Argentine dans le but d'identifier les virus présents, d'analyser leur distribution dans différentes zones climatiques et de réunir des informations sur les différentes espèces et sous-espèces d'abeilles présentes. Des abeilles mellifères adultes ont été collectées dans des ruchers des régions tempérées et subtropicales de Chine (zones peuplées exclusivement d'A. mellifera ou d'A. cerana et zones où A. mellifera et A. cerana coexistent) et d'Argentine (A. mellifera seulement). En Chine, six virus, à savoir le virus des ailes déformées, le virus des cellules royales noires, le virus du couvain sacciforme, le virus de la paralysie chronique de l'abeille, le virus de la paralysie aiguë de l'abeille et le virus israélien de la paralysie aiguë ont été détectés aussi bien chez A. cerana que chez A. mellifera ; en Argentine, quatre virus ont été détectés (virus des ailes déformées, virus des cellules royales noires, virus de la paralysie chronique de l'abeille et virus de la paralysie aiguë de l'abeille). Fait intéressant, les infections multiples étaient fréquentes en Chine, avec parfois jusqu'à cinq virus différents circulant dans certaines colonies sans provoquer de manifestations anormales apparentes. Aucun des échantillons analysés en Chine n'a été trouvé positif pour le virus de la paralysie lente de l'abeille. Les virus les plus fréquents étaient, en Chine, le virus des cellules royales noires et en Argentine, le virus des ailes déformées. Le virus du Cachemire n'a été trouvé dans aucun des échantillons analysés dans les deux pays.

Las abejas melíferas están amenazadas por diversos patógenos y parásitos. Se han descrito más de 18 virus que las afectan, muchos de los cuales se han detectado en China y la Argentina. En China se cultivan tanto Apis cerana como Apis mellifera, mientras que los apicultores argentinos crían diferentes ecotipos de A. mellifera: abejas europeas en las regiones templadas y subtropicales y abejas africanizadas en las zonas subtropicales. Los autores exponen un minucioso estudio realizado a la vez en China y la Argentina con el fin de analizar la actual presencia y distribución de virus en diferentes zonas climáticas y reunir información sobre distintas especies y subespecies de abeja. En primer lugar se recogieron abejas adultas de colmenares situados en regiones templadas y subtropicales de China (algunas donde hay exclusivamente poblaciones de A. mellifera, otras donde coexisten A. mellifera y A. cerana y otras zonas que albergan solo poblaciones de A. cerana) y la Argentina (solamente A. mellifera). En las poblaciones chinas tanto de A. cerana como de A. mellifera se detectaron seis virus: virus de las alas deformes (VAD); virus de las celdas reales negras (VCRN); virus de la cría ensacada (VCE); virus de la parálisis crónica de la abeja (VPCA); virus de la parálisis aguda de la abeja (VPAA); y virus de la variante israelí del virus de la parálisis aguda (VPAI), mientras que en la Argentina se observó la presencia de cuatro virus (VAD, VCRN, VPCA y VPAA). Un dato interesante es que en China se observaron con frecuencia infecciones múltiples, con hasta cinco virus diferentes circulando a la vez en algunas colonias sin que ello diera lugar a anormalidades aparentes. Ninguna de las muestras chinas analizadas en el estudio resultó positiva al virus de la parálisis lenta de la abeja. Los virus más prevalentes fueron el VCRN (China) y el VAD (Argentina). El virus Cachemira de las abejas estaba ausente de las muestras analizadas en ambos países.

Nasopharyngeal stenosis secondary to soft palate dysgenesis in a cat.

This report is the first description of soft palate dysgenesis inducing nasopharyngeal stenosis in a cat. The symptomatology included continuous stertorous respiration and changes in phonation. Open-mouth breathing, seromucous nasal discharge and sneezing were intermittently present. On physical examination the cat showed a respiratory pattern characteristic of upper airway disease, with stridor, increased inspiratory effort and severe bilateral obstruction of nasal passages to the airflow. Pharyngo-laryngoscopic evaluation showed an abnormal conformation of the soft palate that appeared attached to the caudal and lateral pharyngeal wall and stretched the whole length of the pharynx. A strip of soft tissue emanated from the caudal part of the hard palate to the right aspect of the base of the tongue. Caudal to this strip of tissue, the intrapharyngeal opening was stenosed, therefore preventing normal airflow. Surgical reconstruction was not recommended. The cat was clinically stable with mild respiratory symptoms 17 months after the diagnosis.

Solid-state characterization of two polymorphic forms of R-albuterol sulfate.

R-albuterol (levalbuterol) is a drug used for asthma therapy and some formulations of it are in solid dosage forms. The aim of this work was to describe and characterize two polymorphic modifications of R-albuterol sulfate by means of typical structure-sensitive analytical techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, visual and microscopic inspection, and DSC. Substantial differences were observed between the solid-state properties of the crystals, confirming the existence of at least two polymorphic forms for R-albuterol sulfate: Form I and Form II.

Evaluation of the time of uncapping and removing dead brood from cells by hygienic and non-hygienic honey bees

Most research on hygienic behavior has recorded the time taken by the colony to remove an experimental amount of dead brood, usually after one or two days. We evaluated the time that hygienic (H) and non-hygienic (NH) honey bees take to uncap and remove dead brood in observation hives after the brood was killed using the pin-killing assay. Four experimental colonies were selected as the extreme cases among 108 original colonies. Thirty brood cells were perforated with a pin in two H and two NH colonies and observations were made after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 h. Different stages of uncapping and removing were recorded. Differences in uncapping and removal between H and NH colonies were significant for all comparisons made at the different times after perforation. Using observation hives one obtains a better and faster discrimination between H and NH colonies than in full size colonies. It is possible to differentiate H and NH within a few hours after perforating the cells

Síndrome hemofagocítico reactivo a infección por "Salmonella typhi" / Reactive hemophagocytic síndrome caused by "salmonella typhi" infection

El síndrome hemafagocítico (SHF) o histiocitosis reactiva es un trastorno de la inmunorregulación en el que, de forma primaria o secundaria, se desencadena una activación y proliferación incontrolada, no maligna de linfocitos T y macrófagos, con intensa actividad fagocítica de células hematopoyéticas. Se asocia a un estado de hipercitocinemia responsable de la mayoría de los síntomas y su diagnóstico incluye un conjunto de datos clínicos, de laboratorio y hallazgos histológicos, con hemofagocitosis prominente. Se presenta el caso de un niño afectado por síndrome hemafagocítico reactivo (SHFR) a infección por Salmonella typhi (AU)

Evaluation of the defensive behavior of two honeybee ecotypes using a laboratory test

Honeybee defensive behavior is a useful selection criterion, especially in areas with Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L). In all genetic improvement programs the selected characters must be measured with precision, and because of this we evaluated a metabolic method for testing honeybee defensive behavior in the laboratory for its usefulness in distinguishing between honeybee ecotypes and selecting honeybees based on their level of defensive responses. Ten honeybee colonies were used, five having been produced by feral queens from a subtropical region supposedly colonized by Africanized honeybees and five by queens from a temperate region apparently colonized by European honeybees. We evaluate honeybee defensive behavior using a metabolic test based on oxygen consumption after stimulation with an alarm pheromone, measuring the time to the first response, time to maximum oxygen consumption, duration of activity, oxygen consumption at first response, maximum oxygen consumption and total oxygen consumption, colonies being ranked according to the values obtained for each variable. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were detected between ecotypes for each variable but for all variables the highest rankings were obtained for colonies of subtropical origin, which had faster and more intense responses. All variables were highly associated (p < 0.05). Total oxygen consumption was the best indicator of metabolic activity for defensive behavior because it combined oxygen consumption and the length of the response. This laboratory method may be useful for evaluating the defensive behavior of honey bees in genetic programs designed to select less defensive bees

A new product with formic acid for Varroa jacobsoni Oud. control in Argentina. I. Efficacy.

An organic product based on formic acid in a gel matrix was evaluated for use in Varroa control under autumnal climatic conditions in Argentina. Twenty colonies each received two gel packets with formic acid in two applications and numbers of falling mites were registered. After this treatment colonies received two other acaricides in order to compare efficacy. Average final efficacy in colonies treated with the organic product was 92% with a low variability. The gel matrix kept an adequate formic acid concentration inside the colonies with only two applications. This product is, therefore, a good alternative for Varroa control because it is organic, easy to use and presents a low variability in final efficacy between colonies. No queen, brood, or adult honeybee mortality was registered.

Hipercoagulabilidad y cardiopatía isquémica: potencial interacción entre los anticuerpos antifosfolípidos y elementos celulares implicados en la hemostasia / Hipercoagulability and ischemic cardiopathy: potential interaction between antiphospholipid antibodies and cellular elements related with haemostasis

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Presence of bacterial infection in bleeding cirrhotic patients is independently associated with early mortality and failure to control bleeding.

Bacterial infection is strongly associated with gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients and seems to be related with the failure to control bleeding. The aims of this study were to assess the influence of infections on the failure to control bleeding and death in cirrhotic patients without antibiotic prophylaxis. Ninety-one consecutive bleeding cirrhotic patients were analyzed. Bleeding was managed using somatostatin with sclerotherapy for active bleeding. Screening for bacterial infection (analysis and culture of blood, urine, ascitic and other fluids, together with chest radiography) was made at time 0 and when clinical signs suggested infection. The cause of bleeding was variceal in 72 (79%) patients. Failure to control bleeding occurred in 24 (26%) patients, and 10 (11%) of the patients died. Compared with the group without infection, failure to control bleeding (65% vs 15%; P < 0.001) and mortality (40% vs 3%; P < 0.001), were observed more frequently in patients with infection. Multivariate analysis showed that bacterial infection (OR = 9.7; P < 0.001) and the presence of shock (OR = 3.5; P < 0.05) were independently associated with failure to control bleeding. Bacterial infection (OR = 12.6; P < 0.01), encephalopathy (OR = 6.9; P < 0.05), and shock (OR = 5.8; P < 0.05) were identified as predictive of death. In conclusion, in bleeding cirrhotic patients bacterial infection is associated with failure to control bleeding as well as mortality.

Resolution of racemic albuterol via diastereomeric salts formation with di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid.

A convenient method is described for the resolution of racemic Albuterol by selective crystallization of its di-p-toluoyl-D-tartrate salt. The separation resulted in a 38% yield of the (R)-enantiomer. Racemization of the (S)-enantiomer occurs in diluted H2SO4 at 100 degrees C in 80% yield. This racemic mixture was recycled to the diastereomer salt, in order to improve the overall yield. The (R)-Albuterol tartrate salt was decomposed in a sulfuric acid solution, and the (R)-Albuterol was isolated as its sulfate salt with 67% overall yield with 99.5% optical purity.

Carcinomatosis meníngea con celularidad y bioquímica normales en líquido cefalorraquídeo

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Patient-controlled analgesia with ketorolac in pediatric surgery.

Our aim was to quantify the analgesic efficiency of the patient-controlled analgesia technique (PCA), using ketorolac, in children aged 6-14 undergoing a surgical intervention. We carried out a double-blind test with two randomly selected groups: the PCA group comprising patients submitted to intravenous PCA, with "bolus on demand" and the Standard group, with conventional analgesia dispensed with ketorolac I.V. (0.5 mg/kg/6 hours). Evaluation of pain experienced was performed using the Hannallah behavioural scale and quantification of the summing of pain intensity. Analgesic efficiency was determined by the pain intensity difference (PID) score. Evaluation of pain experienced during hour 1 reveals a marked reduction with time for each group; no inter-group differences were found. At hour 6 there were neither intra-group nor inter-group differences. The accumulated pain score revealed a significant reduction in hour 6, with no differences between the two groups. Evaluation of the analgesic effect revealed no differences, either intra-group or intergroup, during the experimental period. The sum of the PIDs revealed significant differences in the standard group between the values for hours 1 and 6. Under the experimental conditions described, both techniques were equally effective for pain treatment, but the efficiency was higher for the PCA group.

[Persistence of hypercoagulability state after hip and knee arthroplasty: what is the optimal duration of antithrombotic guidelines in this surgery?]. / Persistencia del estado de hipercoagulabilidad tras artroplastia de cadera y rodilla: cuál debe ser la duración óptima de las pautas antitrombóticas en esta cirugía?

Among 79 patients candidates to hip (53) and knee (26) replacement an evaluation was made of the influence of a two-week program with LMWH on the evolution of hypercoagulability markers: D-D, TAT, and F1 + 2. Measurements were performed by ELISA preoperatively and on days 1, 7 and about 45 postoperatively; in the latter, two extraction intervals were considered: < or = 45 days and > 45 days. With both surgical modalities, D-D and F1 + 2 peaked at 7th day postoperatively, whereas TAT peaked on day 1. Among D-D and F1 + 2 values quantitated on day 7th and the extraction interval < or = 45 days, no significant differences were obtained (Z < 2.64). The hypercoagulative chronicity exhibited by D-D and F1 + 2 during the first month and a half after this surgery, might require in some cases a more prolonged thromboprophylaxis.

Ambulatory liver biopsy: complications and evolution in 264 cases.

AIM: To determine the safety and acceptance of outpatient liver biopsies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from all liver biopsies were collected in a prospective way over a period of 18 months. Information was gathered on complications, evolution of patients outside the hospital and opinion relating to the test. All patients were required to previously present: platelet count > 60.000/mm3 prothrombin time within 4 seconds of control and absence of ascites or encephalopathy. Criteria for outpatient liver biopsy also included cooperative patient, a partner or friend who stayed with the patient during 12-24 hours following the test and easy access to the hospital. Out of a total of 378 biopsies, 264 (70%) were ambulatory. RESULTS: Five of the 264 outpatients were hospitalized (1.9%), due to a subcapsular hematoma in one case, persistent pain in 3 cases and sever hypotension in the other; all of them evolved favorably in the first 24 hours. Among the inpatients, 2 had complications (1.7%): one subcapsular hematoma resolved without treatment and one abdominal hemorrhage requiring transfusion. Of the ambulatory patients, 46 (18%) presented pain whilst at home, being more frequent in females than in males (30% vs 15%, p = 0.004) and in those who needed more than one attempt to obtain histological material compared with those of a single attempt (33% vs 17%; p = 0.008). Twenty four hours after the test, 83% of the patients had returned to their normal activities. Ninety five percent of the patients questioned considered that the test was not traumatic, and 88% stated a preference for liver biopsy as a day case procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Liver biopsy performed on an ambulatory basis is safe, well tolerated and acceptable by the majority of patients.

[Arterioportal fistula and hemobilia in a patient with hepatic transplant]. / Fístula arterioportal y hemobilia en un paciente con trasplante hepático.

The case of a 36-year old male liver transplant recipient hospitalized for upper digestive hemorrhage, jaundice and pain in the right hypochondrium is herein reported. Two hepatic biopsies had been performed 60 and 7 days prior to admission. Bleeding was observed to be from the biliary tract by endoscopy and an arterioportal fistula in the right hepatic lobe by echo-doppler and arteriography was seen. Treatment with selective embolization by arteriography was satisfactory with biliary tract drainage not being required. Doppler echography was used to control the evolution of the patient.