First national reference of microplastic contamination of French soils.

The recent emergence of studies on plastic contamination of terrestrial environments has revealed the presence of microplastics (MP) in a variety of soil types, from the most densely populated areas to the most remote ones. However, the concentrations and chemical natures of MP in soils vary between studies, and only a few ones have focused on this issue in France. The MICROSOF project aimed to establish the first national references for French soil contamination by microplastics. 33 soil samples randomly chosen on the French soil quality-monitoring network were analyzed. The study collected data on the abundance of microplastics in the [315-5000] µm range, their chemical nature and size, as well as mass abundance estimates and other relevant information. Results demonstrated that 76 % of the soil samples contained microplastics, in concentrations ranging from <6.7 to 80 MP.kg-1 (dry soil). Most samples from croplands, grasslands and vineyards and orchards were contaminated, whereas only one sample from forest contained MP, suggesting an increased risk of microplastic contamination in soils exposed to agricultural practices. The MP abundances are not statistically different from similar studies, indicating an intermediate level of contamination in French soils. Despite intervention reports and surveys, the sources remain unclear at this stage. For the first time, an overview of the state of soil contamination in France, as well as the potential risks is provided.

Sunlight and marine weathering of poly(oxymethylene): Evolution of the physico-chemical properties.

Plastic pollution is now an environmental problem that affects all environmental compartments. The study of plastic degradation in terrestrial, marine and other freshwater environments is emerging. Research is mainly focused on plastic fragmentation into microplastics. In this contribution, an engineering polymer, poly(oxymethylene) (POM), was studied under different weathering conditions using physico-chemical characterization techniques. A POM homopolymer and a POM copolymer were characterized by electron microscopy, tensile tests, DSC, infrared spectroscopy and rheometry tests after climatic and marine weathering or artificial UV/water spray cycles. Natural climatic conditions were the most favorable for POM degradation, especially under solar UV, as evidenced by the strong fragmentation into microplastics when subjected to artificial UV cycles. The evolution of properties with exposure time was found to be non-linear under natural conditions, in contrast to artificial conditions. Two main stages of degradation were evidenced by the correlation between strain at break and carbonyl indices.

Continents of plastics: An estimate of the stock of microplastics in agricultural soils.

While there are estimates of the stock of microplastics in the marine environment, there are no estimates for soils. The main objective of this work is to estimate the total mass of microplastics in global agricultural soils. Microplastic abundance data from 442 sampling sites were collected from 43 articles. From these, the median of the abundance values, as well as the abundance profile of microplastics in soils were calculated. Thus, 1.5 to 6.6 Mt of microplastics would be present in soils on a global scale, i.e. one to two orders of magnitude higher than the estimated ocean surface microplastic stock. However, many limitations exist to accurately calculate these stocks. This work should therefore be considered as a first step in addressing this question. In the long term, in order to better assess this stock, it seems important to obtain more diversified data, e.g. better representing certain countries, or certain land uses.

Microplastic fouling: A gap in knowledge and a research imperative to improve their study by infrared characterization spectroscopy.

The marine weathering of microplastics is spectrally characterized by the appearance of new bands that disturb our understanding of the information carried by the spectra. Yet, no explanation has been provided on the chemical origin of these new bands. Thus, the main objective of this work was to identify the origins of these additional bands. To this end, 4042 spectra of poly (styrene), poly(ethylene) and poly(propylene) microplastics collected in the Mediterranean Sea, were analysed using principal component analysis. The results showed that the spectral variability was mainly related to only three processes: chemical ageing, organic and inorganic fouling. These processes probably differ from one polymer family to another due to surface affinities. This work has also led to the proposal of two new polymer indices that could be used to monitor the intensity of (bio)fouling. Finally, the development of advanced analyses could also provide information on the nature of the plastisphere.

Chemical composition of microplastics floating on the surface of the Mediterranean Sea.

The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most studied regions in the world in terms of microplastic (MP) contamination. However, only a few studies have analysed the chemical composition of MPs at the Mediterranean Sea surface. In this context, this study aims to describe the chemical composition as a function of particle size, mass and number concentrations of MPs collected in the surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The chemical composition showed a certain homogeneity at the Mediterranean Sea scale. The main polymers identified by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy were poly(ethylene) (67.3 ± 2.4%), poly(propylene) (20.8 ± 2.1%) and poly(styrene) (3.0 ± 0.9%). Nevertheless, discrepancies, confirmed by the literature, were observed at a mesoscale level. Thus, in the North Tyrrhenian Sea, the proportion of poly(ethylene) was significantly lower than the average value of the Mediterranean Sea (57.9 ± 10.5%). Anthropic sources, rivers, or polymer ageing are assumed to be responsible for the variations observed.