RESUMO
Introduction: Human papilloma virus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) can be considered a new subtype of cancer with different clinical characteristics and prognosis than that related to tobacco. Its incidence is increasing worldwide. Its epidemiology has been widely studied in areas such as North America and Northern Europe, but less is known in Southern Europe. Methods: We analyzed the epidemiology of OPC using the database from Girona's population-based Cancer Registry, in the North-East of Spain, from 1994 to 2018. To analyze differences between neoplasms related to human papillomavirus or not, we determined the immunohistochemical expression of p16 in cases within four time periods: 1997-1999, 2003-2005, 2009-2011, and 2016-2018. Results: Oropharyngeal cancer incidence increased significantly from 2001 to 2018 with an Annual Percentage of Change (APC) of 4.1. OPC p16-positive cases increased with an APC of 11.1. In the most recent period, 2016-2018, 38.5% of OPC cases were p16-positive. European age-standardized incidence rate was 4.18 cases/100.000 inhabitants-year for OPC cancer and 1.58 for those p16-positive. Five-year observed survival was 66.3% for p16-positive OPC and 37.7% for p16-negative. Conclusions: Although with lower burden than in other regions, p16-positive oropharyngeal cancer is increasing in our area and has a better prognosis than p16-negative OPC.
Assuntos
Alphapapillomavirus , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/epidemiologia , Papillomaviridae , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de utilización de plaguicidas en los agricultores del distrito de Huaral. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia de agricultores asistentes a las reuniones del mes de noviembre de las comisiones de regantes Chancay Bajo, La Esperanza, Huando y Chancay Alto (Huaral û Perú). Para la recolección de datos se elaboró y validó una encuesta que se aplicó mediante entrevista. Resultados: Se incluyó 119 agricultores con edad promedio de 50.5 años. El 44.9% de los insecticidas usados eran de uso restringido en el país siendo el más usado Metamidofos. Las prácticas inadecuadas más frecuentes fueron, antes de la fumigación la protección personal incorrecta (54.6%) y la mezcla de diferentes insecticidas durante la preparación (74.4%); durante la fumigación la protección personal incorrecta (51.3%); y después de la fumigación el inadecuado desecho de plaguicida sobrante (53.3%). Se halló relación significativa entre recibir capacitación y uso correcto de protección personal durante la fumigación (p=0.043), además de asociación entre uso de insecticidas restringidos con la práctica de mezcla de insecticidas (p=0.009) y con protección personal incorrecta durante la preparación(p=0.003). Conclusiones: Las prácticas inadecuadas en el uso de plaguicidas son bastante frecuentes en el grupo de agricultores entrevistados. La capacitación es un factor favorable de buenas prácticas mientras que el uso de insecticidas restringidos se constituiría en un marcador de prácticas inadecuadas.
Objective: To describe the pesticide utilization practices among agricultural workers in the district of Huaral. Materials and Methods: This is a transversal study. We carried out a convenient sample among farmers who attended to the meetings of the Irrigation Committee of Chancay Bajo, La Esperanza, Huando and Chancay Alto in November. In order to collect information, we elaborated and validated a questionnaire which was applied in an interview. Results: We included 110 farmers aged 50.5 years old on average. A 44.9% of the pesticides used were restricted in our country, being the most used Metamidofos. The most frequent inadequate practices were: Before the fumigation: defective personal protection (54.6%) and the mixing of different insecticides during the preparation (74.4%); during the fumigation: defective personal protection (51.3%); after the fumigation: inadequate dumping of remaining pesticide (53.3%). We found a significant relation (x2; p=0.043) between receiving training and a correct personal protection use during the fumigation. Also, the connection between restricted pesticides use and the practice of mixing insecticides (p=0.009) and the defective personal protection during the preparation (p=0.003). Conclusions: Inadequate pesticide use practices are quite frequent among the interviewed farmers. Training is a favorable factor for good practices while restricted pesticides use are becoming as a marker of defective practices.
