Comparison of real-time sonoelastography with T2-weighted endorectal magnetic resonance imaging for prostate cancer detection.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the value of real-time sonoelastography with T2-weighted endorectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for prostate cancer detection. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with an elevated prostate-specific antigen level were investigated with real-time sonoelastography and T2-weighted endorectal MRI for prostate cancer diagnosis before systematic prostate biopsy. Real-time sonoelastography was performed to assess prostate tissue elasticity, and hard areas were considered suspicious for prostate cancer. Low-signal intensity nodules on T2-weighted endorectal MRI were considered suspicious for prostate cancer. Imaging findings were assigned to 6 areas of the peripheral zone (sextants), and their cancer detection rates were compared. RESULTS: Overall, prostate cancer was detected in 13 of 33 patients (39.4%). Both real-time sonoelastography and T2-weighted endorectal MRI detected 11 cancer-positive patients (84.6%). Real-time sonoelastography showed 27 suspicious lesions in 198 sextants, and 15 (55.6%) were cancer positive. T2-weighted endorectal MRI showed 31 suspicious lesions in 198 sextants, and 13 (40.6%) were cancer positive. These findings resulted in sensitivity rates and negative predictive values per patient of 84.6% and 86.7%, respectively, for sonoelastography and 84.6% and 83.3% for MRI. The per-sextant analysis showed sensitivity rates and negative predictive values of 57.7% and 93.6% for sonoelastography and 50.0% and 92.2% for MRI. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time sonoelastography showed comparable results as T2-weighted endorectal MRI for prostate cancer detection.

Value of real-time elastography targeted biopsy for prostate cancer detection in men with prostate specific antigen 1.25 ng/ml or greater and 4.00 ng/ml or less.

PURPOSE: We assessed the prostate cancer detection rate of real-time elastography targeted biopsy in men with total prostate specific antigen 1.25 ng/ml or greater and 4.00 ng/ml or less. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Real-time elastography using an EUB 8500 Hitachi ultrasound system (Hitachi Medical, Tokyo, Japan) was done in 94 men with a mean age of 57.4 years (range 35 to 77) with increased prostate specific antigen between 1.25 ng/ml or greater and 4.00 ng/ml or less (mean 3.20, range 1.30 to 4.00) and a free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio of less than 18%. Real-time elastography was done to evaluate peripheral zone tissue elasticity and hard areas were defined as suspicious. Targeted biopsies with a maximum of 5 cores were done in suspicious areas, followed by 10-core systematic biopsy. We analyzed the cancer detection rate of real-time elastography and systematic biopsy. RESULTS: Cancer was found in 27 of 94 patients (28.7%). Real-time elastography detected cancer in 20 patients (21.3%) and systematic biopsy detected it in 18 (19.1%). Positive cancer cores were found in real-time elastography targeted cores in 38 of 158 cases (24%) and in systematic cores in 38 of 752 (5.1%) (chi-square test p <0.0001). The cancer detection rate per core was 4.7-fold greater for targeted than for systematic biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time elastography targeted biopsy allows prostate cancer detection in men with prostate specific antigen 1.25 ng/ml or greater and 4 ng/ml or less with a decreased number of cores compared with that of systematic biopsy.

Status of transrectal ultrasound imaging of the prostate.

PURPOSE: To describe the current and new developments in transrectal ultrasound (US) imaging of the prostate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Grayscale imaging of the prostate is the standard method for diagnostic evaluation and biopsy guidance. Color Doppler (CD) imaging, including CD and power Doppler US, allows for detection of macrovascularity and may therefore be helpful for assessment of prostatic blood flow. The use of US microbubbles for CD imaging and new contrast-specific techniques enable assessment of prostate microvascularity associated with prostate cancer (PCa). Recently, real-time elastography has been introduced to improve detection of cancer based upon changes in tissue stiffness. RESULTS: Contrast-enhanced CD imaging has shown to enable PCa detection by performing targeted biopsies into suspicious areas. Comparisons between systematic and contrast-enhanced targeted biopsies have shown that the targeted approach detects more cancers and cancers with higher Gleason scores with a reduced number of biopsy cores. New microbubble-specific US techniques can improve sensitivity and specificity of US imaging for PCa detection. Real-time elastography has been demonstrated to be useful for the detection of PCa, and may further improve PCa staging. CONCLUSIONS: The new US techniques seem to have the potential to improve PCa detection, and also PCa grading and staging. As these diagnostic methods improve, the ultimate hope is to eliminate biopsy in patients without cancer.

Changes of renal blood flow after ESWL: assessment by ASL MR imaging, contrast enhanced MR imaging, and renal resistive index.

The annual incidence of stone formation is increased in the industrialised world. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is a non-invasive effective treatment of upper urinary tract stones. This study is aimed to evaluate changes of renal blood flow in patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) by arterial spin labeling (ASL) MR imaging, contrast enhanced dynamic MR imaging, and renal resistive index (RI). Thirteen patients with nephrolithiasis were examined using MR imaging and Doppler ultrasound 12h before and 12h after ESWL. ASL sequence was done for both kidneys and followed by contrast enhanced MR imaging. In addition RI Doppler ultrasound measurements were performed. A significant increase in RI (p<0.001) was found in both treated and untreated kidneys. ASL MR imaging also showed significant changes in both kidneys (p<0.001). Contrast enhanced dynamic MR imaging did not show significant changes in the kidneys. ESWL causes changes in RI and ASL MR imaging, which seem to reflect changes in renal blood flow.

A possible case of primary renal lymphoma: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: The entity primary renal lymphoma is controversial and rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case in a 60-year-old man. Computed tomography revealed a large, homogeneous, retroperitoneal mass with 14.8 x 11.5 cm size arising from the right kidney. An ultrasound guided percutaneous biopsy was performed and the tumour was diagnosed histopathological as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The patient was treated by systemic chemotherapy and thereafter a nephrectomy was performed. CONCLUSION: Primary renal lymphoma is a controversial and infrequent disease. However, there is growing evidence that it does exist.

Sonographic detection of renal and ureteral stones. Value of the twinkling sign.

PURPOSE: To compare the detection of urinary stones using standard gray scale ultrasound for diagnostic accuracy using the color Doppler "twinkling sign". MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study population consisted of forty-one patients who demonstrated at least one urinary stone on unenhanced CT evaluation of the kidneys or ureters. Each patient was evaluated using gray scale ultrasound and color Doppler imaging by an observer who was blinded to the CT results. RESULTS: Seventy-seven stones were present in 41 patients, including 47 intrarenal stones, 5 stones in the renal pelvis, 8 stones at the ureteropelvic junction, 5 ureteral stones and 12 stones at the ureterovesical junction. Based upon gray scale sonography the diagnosis of stone was made with confidence in 66% (51/77) of locations. Based upon Doppler sonography using the twinkling sign, the diagnosis of stone was made with confidence in 97% (75/77) of locations. Clustered ROC analysis demonstrated that the Doppler twinkling sign (Az = 0.99) was significantly better than conventional gray scale criteria (Az = 0.95) for the diagnosis of urinary stones (p = 0.005, two-sided test). CONCLUSIONS: The color Doppler twinkling sign improves the detection, confidence and overall accuracy of diagnosis for renal and ureteral stones with minimal loss of specificity.

Sonographic detection of renal and ureteral stones: value of the twinkling sign

Purpose: To compare the detection of urinary stones using standard gray scale ultrasound for diagnostic accuracy using the color Doppler "twinkling sign". Material and Methods: Our study population consisted of forty-one patients who demonstrated at least one urinary stone on unenhanced CT evaluation of the kidneys or ureters. Each patient was evaluated using gray scale ultrasound and color Doppler imaging by an observer who was blinded to the CT results. Results: Seventy-seven stones were present in 41 patients, including 47 intrarenal stones, 5 stones in the renal pelvis, 8 stones at the ureteropelvic junction, 5 ureteral stones and 12 stones at the ureterovesical junction. Based upon gray scale sonography the diagnosis of stone was made with confidence in 66 percent (51/77) of locations. Based upon Doppler sonography using the twinkling sign, the diagnosis of stone was made with confidence in 97 percent (75/77) of locations. Clustered ROC analysis demonstrated that the Doppler twinkling sign (Az = 0.99) was significantly better than conventional gray scale criteria (Az = 0.95) for the diagnosis of urinary stones (p = 0.005, two-sided test). Conclusions: The color Doppler twinkling sign improves the detection, confidence and overall accuracy of diagnosis for renal and ureteral stones with minimal loss of specificity.

The role of ultrasound in assessment of male fertility.

Ultrasonography (US) is a widely used and well tolerated imaging modality for evaluation of pathologic conditions of the testes. Recent technical advances of US applications and post processing developments have enabled new aspects in the structural and functional analysis of testicular tissue and therefore male fertility. This review covers the most relevant approaches due to recent technical advances. Testicular volume measured by B-mode US correlated significantly with testicular function. Increased resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of capsular branches of testicular arteries on unenhanced color Doppler US examination may be an indicator of impaired testicular microcirculation in patients with clinical varicocele. FSH was inversely correlated with testicular volume and directly correlated with testicular vascularization, suggesting that ultrasonographic and color Doppler scanning of the testes may be used, if a sperm count is not available, to indirectly assess the gonadal function. Perfusion mapping, performed with the use of color Doppler ultrasound, has shown for the first time that in patients suffering from azoospermia, sperm quality and quantity depend on tissue perfusion within the testicle. Testicular arterial blood flow was found to be significantly decreased in men with varicocele. This may be a reflection of the impaired microcirculation. Following decreased testicular arterial blood flow, impaired spermatogenesis may result from defective energy metabolism in the microcirculatory bed. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging is potentially applicable to the investigation of vascular disorders of the testis. Pulse inversion (PI) US data can correctly determine relative testicular perfusion based on nonlinear curve fitting of the US backscatter intensity as a function of time and spectral analysis of the intensity time trace. PI imaging, compared with conventional Doppler US methods, provides superior assessment of perfusion in the setting of acute testicular ischemia. New contrast-enhanced US techniques like microvessel imaging (proposed by Philips) and CPS (proposed by Siemens-Acuson) allow for a better determination of tissue perfusion based on time intensity curves and an illustration of vessel distribution inside the testis. First results show a lower vessel density in atrophic testes and a difference in contrast dynamics in testes with impaired function. Real-time elastography, a method for illustration of tissue stiffness under real-time conditions, demonstrates different elasticity values dependent on testicular volume and function. Further studies will prove if these techniques can evolve into clinical practice.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography using cadence-contrast pulse sequencing technology for targeted biopsy of the prostate.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US) using cadence-contrast pulse sequencing (CPS) technology, compared with systematic biopsy for detecting prostate cancer, as grey-scale US has low sensitivity and specificity for detecting prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 44 men with suspicious prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and CPS findings were assessed; all had CPS-targeted and systematic biopsy. Transrectal CPS images were taken with a low mechanical index (0.14). A microbubble contrast agent (SonoVue, Bracco International BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) was administered as a bolus, with a maximum dose of 4.8 mL. CPS was used to assess prostatic vascularity. Areas with a rapid and increased contrast enhancement within the peripheral zone were defined as suspicious for prostate cancer. Up to five CPS targeted biopsies were taken and subsequently a 10-core systematic biopsy was taken. Cancer detection rates for the two techniques were compared. RESULTS: Overall, cancer was detected in 35 of 44 patients (80%), with a mean PSA level of 3.8 ng/mL. Lesions suspicious on CPS showed cancer in 35 of 44 patients (80%) and systematic biopsy detected cancer in 15 of 44 patients (34%). CPS-targeted cores were positive in 105 of 220 cores (47.7%) and in 41 of 440 systematic biopsy cores (9.3%) (P < 0.001). Lesions suspicious on CPS were false-positive in nine of 44 patients (20%). The mean Gleason score for systematic biopsy was 6.7 and for CPS-targeted biopsy 6.8 (P > 0.05). The sensitivity of CPS for detecting cancer was 100% (confidence interval, 95%). However, limitations in the series included that only CPS-positive cases were investigated, and CPS-targeted biopsy should be evaluated in a more extended biopsy scheme. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced US using CPS enables excellent visualization of the microvasculature associated with prostate cancer, and can improve the detection of prostate cancer compared with systematic biopsy.

Association of lower urinary tract symptoms and chronic ischaemia of the lower urinary tract in elderly women and men: assessment using colour Doppler ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate, using transrectal colour Doppler ultrasonography, (TRCDUS) whether perfusion of the bladder and prostate is reduced in elderly patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), common in later life, as experimental data suggest that chronic ischaemia has a key role in the development of LUTS. PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 32 elderly patients with LUTS (12 women, mean age 82.3 years, group 1; and 20 men, 79.4 years, group 2) perfusion of the bladder neck (in women) and of the bladder neck and prostate (in men) was measured using TRCDUS and the resistive index (RI) and colour pixel density (CPD) determined, assessed by a TRUS unit and special software. To assess the age-related effect two control groups of 10 young healthy women (mean age 42.3 years, group 3) and 10 age-matched healthy men (mean age 41.5 years, group 4) were also enrolled. RESULTS: Irrespective of gender, there was markedly lower bladder perfusion in elderly patients with LUTS than in the younger subjects. The mean (SD) RI of the bladder neck in group 1, of 0.88 (0.06), and group 2, of 0.80 (0.08), was higher than in control groups 3, of 0.62 (0.05), and group 4, of 0.64 (0.09). The results were similar for the CPD measurements. The frequency of daily and nightly micturition showed a strong negative correlation with perfusion in the urinary bladder. CONCLUSION: In elderly patients with LUTS there was decreased perfusion of the bladder neck and prostate when assessed using TRCDUS. Therefore, decreased perfusion in the urinary bladder might be responsible for the development of LUTS with advancing age.

Clinical and pathological features of screen vs non-screen-detected prostate cancers: is there a difference?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics of screen vs non-screen-detected prostate cancers, to determine if there is a difference in the same prostate-specific antigen (PSA) range. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 997 patients who had had a radical prostatectomy were evaluated; 806 were Tyrolean screening volunteers, and 191 were from outside Tyrol, representing the 'referred prostate cancer' group. PSA level, age, prostate volume and pathological characteristics were assessed, as was the amount of over- and under-diagnosis. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in patient age or PSA levels in the two groups. Even in the same PSA range there were statistically significantly more extraprostatic cancers in the referral group, at 31.7% and 17.4%, respectively. In the referred and screening groups there was over-diagnosis in 7.9% and 16.8%, and under-diagnosis in 40.8% and 27.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that screening volunteers have a statistically significantly higher rate of organ-confined prostate cancers, and a statistically significantly lower rate of extracapsular extension and positive surgical margins than their counterparts in the referral group even in the same PSA range. As the pathological stage and surgical margin status are significant predictors of recurrence, these findings support the concept of PSA screening.

Do mountain bikers have a higher risk of scrotal disorders than on-road cyclists?

OBJECTIVE: To sonographically investigate whether mountain bikers have a higher prevalence of scrotal abnormalities compared with on-road cyclists. DESIGN: We studied 85 male mountain bikers (mean age: 25 years; range 17-45 years) and 50 male on-road cyclists (mean age: 23 years, range 15-46 years) with regard to scrotal findings on ultrasound (US). SETTING: Medical University Innsbruck, Austria. PARTICIPANTS: Only males who gave a history of extensive mountain biking or on-road bicycling (2 hours or more per day on 6 days a week with a covered distance of more than 5,000 km/year) were entered in our study. INTERVENTIONS: In addition to clinical evaluation, a standard ultrasonographic examination of the scrotum was performed using a linear array transducer operating at a frequency of 8.0 MHz (Acuson Sequoia 512). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The sonographic findings obtained in mountain bikers were compared with those obtained in on-road cyclists. RESULTS: Eighty of 85 mountain bikers (94%) and 24 of 50 on-road cyclists (48%) presented with abnormal findings on scrotal US. Abnormal US findings in mountain bikers included scrotoliths in 69 bikers (81%), spermatoceles in 39 bikers (46%), and epididymal calcifications in 34 bikers (40%). US findings in on-road cyclists were scrotoliths in 8 cyclists (16%), spermatoceles in 13 cyclists (26%), and epididymal calcifications in 6 cyclists (12%). The overall number of scrotal abnormalities was significantly greater in mountain bikers than in on-road cyclists (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Mountain bikers compared with on-road cyclists have shown to be at a higher risk for scrotal disorders on US examination. Not only protective measures but also the awareness of the bikers are required to reduce the potential risk. Further studies should be undertaken to determine the clinical significance of the sonographic changes.

Assessment of the intratesticular resistive index by colour Doppler ultrasonography measurements as a predictor of spermatogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of the resistive index (RI) of intratesticular arteries, and to establish diagnostic criteria for normal and pathological sperm counts on the basis of quantitative colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS), as the assessment of the testicular RI is widely used to measure intratesticular blood flow. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 160 men (aged 22-43 years, 320 testicles) were prospectively investigated; 80 had a normal and 80 a pathological sperm count, the latter having mild oligoasthenozoospermia. The RI was measured using a high-frequency Doppler ultrasound probe (14 MHz), three times on each testicle at an intratesticular artery in the upper, middle and lower testicular pole. The testicular volume was also measured by US. The RI values were compared between patients with normal and pathological sperm counts, and were compared statistically with testicular volumes. In addition, blood samples were obtained for DNA extraction, chromosome analysis and hormonal evaluations. RESULTS: Patients with normal sperm counts had a mean (sd) RI of 0.54 (0.05) and a mean testicular volume of 18.7 (5.2) mL, the respective values in those with pathological sperm counts were 0.68 (0.06) and 16.8 (6.0) mL, with a significantly greater RI in the latter (P < 0.001), but with no statistically significant difference in testicular volume between the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: These preliminary data suggest that an RI of >0.6 might be suggestive of a pathological sperm count in andrological patients. The intratesticular RI as measured by CDUS seems to be a reliable indicator for routine clinical use to identify subfertile men.

Prostate cancer diagnosis: value of real-time elastography.

It is well known that prostate cancer (PCa) has a higher cell density than the surrounding normal tissue. This increased cell density leads to an alteration in tissue elasticity, which can be measured and displayed by sonographic-based elastography under real-time conditions. Real-time sonoelastography (RTE) has been proven capable to visualize PCa areas as "hard" lesions and therefore can be used for PCa detection and for targeted ultrasound-guided biopsy. Further applications such as the assessment of local extent of PCa should be considered. This overview describes the capabilities, advantages, and limitations of this new ultrasound technique for PCa diagnosis.

Real-time virtual ultrasonographic radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of real-time virtual ultrasonography (RVS) as a new navigational tool for percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of solid renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients with 13 RCCs were treated with percutaneous RFA using RVS, which displays ultrasonograms and corresponding multiplanar reconstruction images of computed tomography in parallel. RESULTS: RVS allowed excellent anatomical visualization and precise navigation of RFA for RCC. All patients were treated successfully in one session with percutaneous RVS RFA. There were no significant complications, and none of the patients had a local tumour recurrence during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: RVS for RFA of solid RCC is a new and promising alternative imaging method.

Comparison of the precision of transurethral endoscopic versus ultrasound-guided application of injectables.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the precision of transurethral endoscopic- vs ultrasound (US)-guided injections, as transurethral application of various injectables under endoscopic view are widely used to treat urinary incontinence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bovine collagen was injected into the lower urinary tract in 20 dead female pigs. In each pig five depots of collagen were injected and there were five pigs in each group. In group I collagen was injected into the urethral wall under endoscopic control. In group II collagen depots were injected periurethrally under endosocopic guidance. In group III collagen was injected into the urethral wall under US control. In group IV collagen depots were injected periurethrally under US guidance. A transurethral US probe (6 F, 15 MHz) and injection device were used for transurethral US-guided injections. In all pigs the urethra and the periurethral tissue were removed after injection and investigated using anatomical preparations and histological sections. RESULTS: In group I only two collagen depots were actually located in the urethral wall in two pigs (two of 25 depots, 8%). In group II five depots in two pigs were located in the urethral wall (five of 25 depots, 20%). The periurethral collagen depots were found to spread out in the loose connective and fat tissue around the urethra. In group III all US-guided injections of collagen were situated in the urethral wall and in group IV they were all located periurethrally. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that endoscopic application of injectables is an inaccurate technique, while US-guided injections are precise. US-guided injection enables excellent control of the therapeutic procedure.

Multimodal evaluation of renal perfusional changes due to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) on renal perfusion before and after treatment, by assessing renal resistive index (RI) using colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS), magnetic resonance perfusion imaging (MRPI), radionuclide renography and big-endothelin-1 values (Big-ET-1). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 69 normotensive patients the RI was measured before, 1, 3, 6 and 24 h after ESWL using CDUS. The RI values, measured in interlobar/arcuate arteries, were correlated with the findings on MRPI, done before and within 24 h after ESWL. In addition, renal plasma flow (RPF, assessed on radionuclide renography) and Big-ET-1 levels (a potent vasoconstrictor peptide), served as a control for evaluating renal perfusion. The patients were stratified in three age groups, i.e. or=60 years, with 23 patients in each group. RESULTS: The mean (sd) RI increased significantly in the treated kidneys, from 0.64 (0.05) before to 0.72 (0.08) after ESWL (P = 0.001). Only in patients aged >or=60 years did the RI continue to increase over the 24 h. MRPI showed a decrease of renal blood flow (RBF) in all age groups, but most significantly in those aged >or=60 years. The radionuclide renography and big-ET-1 levels changed significantly only in the oldest group. The best correlation was between RI and RBF changes detected by MRPI. CONCLUSIONS: ESWL obviously causes disturbances of renal perfusion, particularly in elderly patients (>or=60 years). Measurement of RI with Doppler techniques might provide useful information for the clinical diagnosis of renal damage.

Acute pyelonephritis: comparison of diagnosis with computed tomography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US) with the contrast pulse-sequence (CPS) technique for detecting renal parenchymal changes in acute pyelonephritis (APN), compared with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) as the reference standard. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined 100 patients (82 women, 18 men; mean age 30.2 years, range 18-67); children (those aged <18 years) were excluded from the study. All patients had clinical symptoms suggestive of APN. For the US a Sequoia 512 (Acuson, Mountain View, CA, USA) unit including Cadence CPS technology, with a 6C2 probe, was used. A bolus of a 2.4-mL US contrast agent SonoVue (Bracco, Milan, Italy) was injected. For CT a multislice 16-row unit was used (Sensation 16, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), at a table speed of 2.5 mm/s and a slice thickness of 3 mm; 100 mL of intravenous iodinated contrast agent (flow 3 mL/s) was injected. RESULTS: On contrast CT, 84 patients (84%) had renal parenchymal changes suggestive of APN; on contrast US, 82 of the 84 (98%) showed renal parenchymal changes, and APN was correctly diagnosed. Seventy-six patients (90%) had unilateral and eight (10%) had bilateral APN, and in two (2%) with APN the diagnosis could not be confirmed by US/CPS (false-negative). No false-positive findings were detected on US/CPS, which had a sensitivity of 98%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 89%. CONCLUSION: CPS/US is accurate for detecting parenchymal changes in APN; it is very sensitive and specific, and allows small renal parenchymal changes to be detected with no radiation exposure.

Ultrasound of prostate cancer: recent advances.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. In the future, a significant further increase in the incidence of prostate cancer is expected. Therefore, improvement of prostate cancer diagnosis is a main topic of diagnostic imaging. The systematic prostate biopsy ("ten-core biopsy") is now the "gold standard" of prostate cancer diagnosis but may miss prostate cancer. Contrast-enhanced colour Doppler ultrasound (US) and elastography are evolving methods that may dramatically change the role of US for prostate cancer diagnosis. Contrast-enhanced colour Doppler US allows for investigations of the prostate blood flow and consequently for prostate cancer visualization and therefore for targeted biopsies. Comparisons between systematic and contrast-enhanced targeted biopsies have shown that the targeted approach detects more cancers and cancers with higher Gleason scores with a reduced number of biopsy cores. Furthermore, elastography, a new US technique for the assessment of tissue elasticity has been demonstrated to be useful for the detection of prostate cancer, and may further improve prostate cancer staging. Therefore, contrast-enhanced colour Doppler US and elastography may have the potential to improve prostate cancer detection, grading and staging. However, further clinical trials will be needed to determine the promise of these new US advances.

Sonoelastography of the prostate: comparison with systematic biopsy findings in 492 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the value of sonoelastography (SE) for prostate cancer detection in comparison with systematic biopsy findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four hundred and ninety two PSA screening volunteers (mean age: 61.9+/-8.6) with an total PSA >1.25 ng/mL and a free to total PSA ration of <18% underwent SE of the prostate before 10 core systematic prostate biopsy. Tissue elasticity of the peripheral zone was investigated only. Tissue elasticity was displayed from red (soft) to green (intermediate) and to blue (hard). Only hard lesions (blue) were considered to be suspicious for prostate cancer. The peripheral zone of the prostate was divided in 3 regions on each side: base, mid-gland, apex. A different investigator performed systematic biopsy, and the biopsy findings were compared with the SE findings. RESULTS: In 125 of 492 patients (25.4%) systematic biopsy demonstrated prostate cancer. Cancer was detected in 321 of 2952 (11%) outer gland areas (74 in the base, 106 in the mid-gland, 141 in the apex). The Gleason score ranged from 3 to 10 (mean: 6.5). In SE 533 of 2952 (18.1%) suspicious areas were detected and 258 of these areas (48.4%) showed cancer. Most of the false-positive findings (275/533 areas; 51.6%) were associated with chronic inflammation and atrophy especially at the basal prostate areas. The sensitivity by entire organ was calculated with 86% and the specificity 72%. The analysis by outer gland areas showed the highest sensitivity in the apex (79%). The specificity by outer gland areas ranged between 85% and 93%. The correlation between SE findings and biopsy results was high (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Sonoelastography findings showed a good correlation with the systematic biopsy results. The best sensitivity and specificity was found in the apex region. Sonoelastography seems to offer a new approach for differentiation of tissue stiffness of the prostate and may therefore improve prostate cancer detection.