Encuesta Nacional de Cobertura de Vacunación (influenza, neumococo y tétanos) en adultos mayores de 60 años en México / National Survey of Vaccination Coverage (Influenza, pneumococcus and tetanus) in Mexican population of 60 years of age and older

OBJETIVO: Determinar la cobertura de vacunación (CV) para influenza, neumococo y tétanos, en adultos mayores (AM) de 60 años y más, heterogeneidad por entidad federativa y relación con características sociodemográficas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis transversal basado en una encuesta nacional en 18 015 hogares. Se captó información general y sobre vacunación (autorreporte) en un AM por cada uno de los hogares seleccionado aleatoriamente. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia nacional de vacunación fue 56.5 por ciento (±0.97) para influenza, 44.3 por ciento (±0.98) para neumococo y 61.8 por ciento (±0.96) para tétanos. Las CV analizadas fueron significativamente menores para AM sin seguro médico y mayores en las mujeres. Casi 20 por ciento de AM reconoció no tener vacuna alguna, argumentando principalmente el hecho de desconocer la necesidad de vacunarse. CONCLUSIONES: Se muestra un avance importante en las coberturas de vacunación en AM en México; se identifican diferenciales que sugieren la necesidad de impulsar campañas de información y acciones que mejoren la accesibilidad a la vacuna por este grupo poblacional.

OBJECTIVE: Determine Vaccination Coverage (VC) among adults 60 years of age and older (EP), for influenza, pneumococcal and tetanus vaccines, association with socio-demographic characteristics and heterogeneity at state level. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis based on information from 18 015 households visited in a national survey. General and vaccine information (self-report) for a randomly selected elder in each household is available. RESULTS: The national VC level was found to be 56.5 percent (±0.97) for influenza, 44.3 percent (±0.98) for pneumococcus and 61.8 percent (±0.96) for tetanus. The VC was significantly lower for EP without health social services and higher for women. Almost 20.0 percent of EP recognized not having vaccines at all, due mainly that they didn't know it was a duty. CONCLUSIONS: Important improvements are shown in vaccination coverage among elderly in Mexico. Differentials suggest the need to intensify information campaigns and actions that could improve the accessibility to vaccines for this population.

[National Survey of Vaccination Coverage (Influenza, pneumococcus and tetanus) in Mexican population of 60 years of age and older]. / Encuesta Nacional de Cobertura de Vacunación (influenza, neumococo y tétanos) en adultos mayores de 60 años en México.

OBJECTIVE: Determine Vaccination Coverage (VC) among adults 60 years of age and older (EP), for influenza, pneumococcal and tetanus vaccines, association with socio-demographic characteristics and heterogeneity at state level. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis based on information from 18 015 households visited in a national survey. General and vaccine information (self-report) for a randomly selected elder in each household is available. RESULTS: The national VC level was found to be 56.5% (±0.97) for influenza, 44.3% (±0.98) for pneumococcus and 61.8% (±0.96) for tetanus. The VC was significantly lower for EP without health social services and higher for women. Almost 20.0% of EP recognized not having vaccines at all, due mainly that they didn't know it was a duty. CONCLUSIONS: Important improvements are shown in vaccination coverage among elderly in Mexico. Differentials suggest the need to intensify information campaigns and actions that could improve the accessibility to vaccines for this population.

Association of socioeconomic status, problem behaviors, and disordered eating in Mexican adolescents: results of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006.

PURPOSE: To explore the association of socioeconomic status (SES) with disordered eating behaviors (DEB) in Mexican adolescents, and the coexistence of DEB and other problem behaviors. METHODS: Information about adolescents (10-19 years) was retrieved from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 database. Associations were evaluated through ordinal regression. RESULTS: Higher SES was associated with DEB (odds ratio [OR]: 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52-2.75). Use of tobacco (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.58-2.81), alcohol (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.51-2.56), and suicide intent (OR: 5.13, 95% CI: 3.46-7.60) were associated with DEB. CONCLUSION: DEB were more frequent among adolescents from higher SES households. The lack of association between SES and DEB reported by other studies might be because of the lack of variability in samples. The association of DEB and other problem behaviors highlights the importance of an integral approach to teenagers' mental health.

Dietary intake of polyphenols, nitrate and nitrite and gastric cancer risk in Mexico City.

N-nitroso compounds (NOC) are potent animal carcinogens and potential human carcinogens. The primary source of exposure for most individuals may be endogenous formation, a process that can be inhibited by dietary polyphenols. To estimate the risk of gastric cancer (GC) in relation to the individual and combined consumption of polyphenols and NOC precursors (nitrate and nitrite), a population-based case-control study was carried out in Mexico City from 2004 to 2005 including 257 histologically confirmed GC cases and 478 controls. Intake of polyphenols, nitrate and nitrite were estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. High intakes of cinnamic acids, secoisolariciresinol and coumestrol were associated with an approximately 50% reduction in GC risk. A high intake of total nitrite as well as nitrate and nitrite from animal sources doubled the GC risk. Odds ratios around 2-fold were observed among individuals with both low intake of cinnamic acids, secoisolariciresinol or coumestrol and high intake of animal-derived nitrate or nitrite, compared to high intake of the polyphenols and low animal nitrate or nitrite intake, respectively. Results were similar for both the intestinal and diffuse types of GC. Our results show, for the first time, a protective effect for GC because of higher intake of cinnamic acids, secoisolariciresinol and coumestrol, and suggest that these polyphenols reduce GC risk through inhibition of endogenous nitrosation. The main sources of these polyphenols were pears, mangos and beans for cinnamic acids; beans, carrots and squash for secoisolariciresinol and legumes for coumestrol.

The relationship between remittances and health care provision in Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: We examined whether remittances sent from the United States to Mexico were used to access health care in Mexico. METHODS: Data were from a 2006 survey of 2 localities in the municipal city of Tepoztlán, Morelos, Mexico. We used logistic regression to determine whether household remittance expenditure on health care was associated with type of health insurance coverage. RESULTS: Individuals who lacked insurance coverage or who were covered by the Seguro Popular program were significantly more likely to reside in households that spend remittances on health care than were individuals covered by an employer-based insurance program. CONCLUSIONS: Improving the coverage and quality of care within Mexico's health care system will help ensure that remittances serve as a complement, and not a substitute, to formal access to care.

Gastric cancer in relation to the intake of nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism among MTHFR 677 TT carriers.

BACKGROUND: DNA methylation is an important epigenetic process for transcriptional control of human genome including those genes involved in cancer initiation and progression. Clinical studies have suggested that biological explanation to the protective effect of some nutrients could be linked with the DNA methylation. Folate is a primary methyl donor nutrient; it has been shown to play a key role in DNA methylation, repair and synthesis, by acting as co-factors and/or substrates in this metabolic pathway. Likewise, activity of a key enzyme, the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) has also been shown to influence DNA methylation. Overall, these findings support the notion that dietary intake as well as genetic factors play a role in one-carbon metabolism. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study is to evaluate the dietary intake of nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism and the genotype of MTHFR 677 C > T with respect to GC risk. METHODS: We carried out in January 2004 a population-based case-control study in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. A total of 248 histological confirmed GC patients were recruited from nine tertiary hospitals, along with 478 age and sex-matched controls. Nutrient intake was estimated from food frequency questionnaire; the MTHFR 677C > T genotype was determined by PCR-RFLP analysis. RESULTS: A significant reduction in diffuse GC risk was observed for MTHFR 677 TT genotype among individuals with high consumption of folate (OR = 0.23; 95% CI 0.06-0.84), choline (OR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.33-0.9) and Vitamin B(6) (OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.36-0.96) compared to MTHFR 677 CC + CT carriers. Among subjects with low consumption of methionine, a reduced risk of diffuse GC was also detected (OR = 0.40; 95% CI 0.16-0.97). In contrast, carriers of the MTHFR 677 TT genotype with a low consumption of folate had a significant increased risk of intestinal GC (OR = 1.88 95% CI 1.02-3.47). A folate-MTHFR 677 C > T interaction in the borderline of significance (P = 0.055) was detected. CONCLUSIONS: It is probable that GC prevention requires dietary recommendations according to the individual genotype; nevertheless, the available information to this respect is still very limited.

Population-based prevalence of antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 2 and socio-demographic characteristics in Mexico.

Although several studies to evaluate the correlates between seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and sexual practices have been carried out with specific groups in Mexico, none has evaluated overall seroprevalence among the general population or its relationship with socio-demographic characteristics. The National Health Survey performed during 2000 in Mexico studied a multi-stage, stratified, cluster sample of the general population. Characteristics of the adult population, such as age, formal education, marital status, residence, age at first intercourse and categories of HSV-2 seroprevalence distribution by state, were studied. Specific antibodies against HSV-2 were determined by ELISA. The weighted seroprevalence of HSV-2 was 17.3% (95% CI 15.8-18.8) and showed significant variations according to age, sex, marital status, residence, age at first intercourse and categories of HSV-2 seroprevalence distributed by state. In conclusion, the prevalence of HSV-2 varied significantly according to the socio-demographic and geographic characteristics of the adult population in Mexico. These results suggest that variations in HSV-2 seroprevalence could be related to socio-economic and sexual behavior characteristics of the population. However, to support these assertions, further work could focus on the study of sexual behavior and its relation with the socio-economic distribution of the population in Mexico.

[Prevalence of non-fatal road traffic injuries in Mexico: results from ENSANUT 2006]. / Prevalencia de accidentes de tránsito no fatales en México: resultados de la ENSANUT 2006.

OBJECTIVE: To determine non-fatal road traffic injuries (NFRTI) prevalence and its distribution in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from ENSANUT Survey 2006 were used. Using simple random sampling, one adult, one adolescent and one child were selected in each household, constituting a final sample of 94,197 representing an N of 102,886,482 people. The dependent variable was the prevalence of road traffic injuries (RTI) during the 12 months prior to the survey. RESULTS: The general accident prevalence was 6.0%; 16.7% corresponded to NFRTI. Men in the 20 to 44 age group living in urban areas and with high socioeconomic status had a higher RTI prevalence (p<0.05). Jalisco, Aguascalientes and Sonora were states with the highest prevalence of RTI, while Guerrero, Michoacan and Oaxaca were those with the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: NFRTI are frequent in Mexico and they are concentrated among men in productive ages in urban areas; they are associated with socioeconomic status at the individual level and with the state's development at the population level.

Prevalencia de accidentes de tránsito no fatales en México: resultados de la ENSANUT 2006 / Prevalence of non-fatal road traffic injuries in Mexico: results from ENSANUT 2006

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y distribución de los accidentes de tránsito no fatales (ATNF) en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron datos de la ENSANUT 2006. En los hogares visitados se seleccionó a un adulto, un adolescente y un niño, hasta conformar una muestra de 94197 sujetos que representa a la N de 102 886 482 individuos. La variable dependiente fue la prevalencia de ATNF en los 12 meses anteriores a la encuesta. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de accidentes (de tránsito o no) fue de 6.0 por ciento y de esa cifra 16.7 por ciento correspondió a ATNF. Los hombres del grupo de 20 a 44 años, los habitantes de áreas urbanas y los de mejor nivel socioeconómico (NSE) presentaron mayor prevalencia (p<0.05). Jalisco, Aguascalientes y Sonora registraron la mayor prevalencia y Guerrero, Michoacán y Oaxaca la menor. CONCLUSIONES: Los ATNF en México se concentran en hombres de edad productiva en zonas urbanas y se relacionan con el NSE individual y el desarrollo económico de cada estado.

OBJECTIVE: To determine non-fatal road traffic injuries (NFRTI) prevalence and its distribution in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from ENSANUT Survey 2006 were used. Using simple random sampling, one adult, one adolescent and one child were selected in each household, constituting a final sample of 94 197 representing an N of 102 886 482 people. The dependent variable was the prevalence of road traffic injuries (RTI) during the 12 months prior to the survey. RESULTS: The general accident prevalence was 6.0 percent; 16.7 percent corresponded to NFRTI. Men in the 20 to 44 age group living in urban areas and with high socioeconomic status had a higher RTI prevalence (p<0.05). Jalisco, Aguascalientes and Sonora were states with the highest prevalence of RTI, while Guerrero, Michoacan and Oaxaca were those with the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: NFRTI are frequent in Mexico and they are concentrated among men in productive ages in urban areas; they are associated with socioeconomic status at the individual level and with the state's development at the population level.

[Methods of the Mexican National Performance Assessment Survey]. / Metodología de la Encuesta Nacional de Evaluación del Desempeño.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sampling design, operative strategy, and data management used in the Encuesta Nacional de Evaluaci6n del Desempeño (Mexican National Performance Assessment Survey). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A probabilistic, multistage, stratified sample was used to make inferences for each state of the country with representativeness of the urban and rural localities of Mexico. The survey was conducted between November 2002 and April 2003. The study population consisted of individuals in their households. RESULTS: Forty-thousand households were visited all over the country, and 38,746 interviews were obtained,with a non-response rate considerably lower than expected. CONCLUSIONS: The methods used to carry out the National Performance Assessment Survey allowed calculation of estimates with measurable accuracy in terms of error and confidence, making the results inferable to the national population.