Proximal iliotibial band thickness as a cause for recalcitrant greater trochanteric pain syndrome.

To investigate iliotibial band (ITB) diameter thickness at the greater trochanter in patients requiring iliotibial band release who have failed conservative modalities, in comparison to an asymptomatic patient population. A total of 68 subjects were selected to be reviewed using T2 axial plane MRI. The ITB diameter thickness was measured in 34 subjects who underwent surgical ITB release, and compared with a match-paired asymptomatic hip cohort consisting of 34 subjects. ITB diameter thickness was measured at the thickest location for each subject twice by two different examiners. Inter/intra class correlation coefficient was determined for ITB measurement technique accuracy, and the presence of recalcitrant proximal hip pain was evaluated. Interclass correlation coefficient with 95% confidence was measured to be 0.953. The average thickness for ITB surgical release subjects was measured to be 5.61 ± 2.10 mm, and for asymptomatic subjects 3.77 ± 0.79 mm (P < 0.001). The results of this study demonstrate a statistically significant positive relationship of an increased diameter thickness in the ITB in symptomatic patients who failed conservative therapy and underwent surgical intervention for treatment.

Accuracy of 3 Clinical Tests to Diagnose Proximal Hamstrings Tears With and Without Sciatic Nerve Involvement in Patients With Posterior Hip Pain.

PURPOSE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the active hamstring test at 30° (A-30) and 90° (A-90) of knee flexion, the long stride heel strike (LSHS) test, and combination of the 3 tests for individuals with hamstring tendon tears, with and without sciatic nerve involvement. METHODS: A retrospective review of 564 consecutive clinical records identified 42 subjects with a mean age of 50.31 ± 15 years who underwent a standard physical examination prior to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation and diagnostic injection for posterior hip. The physical examination included the A-30, A-90, and LSHS tests. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio were calculated to determine the diagnostic accuracy of these 3 tests. RESULTS: Forty-two subjects (female = 32 and male = 10) with a mean age of 50.31 years (range 15-77, ± SD 14.52) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Based on MRI and/or injection, 64.28% (27/42) of subjects were diagnosed with hamstring tear. Fourteen (51.85%) presented with sciatic nerve involvement. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio for each test were as follows: A-30 knee flexion: 0.73, 0.97, 23.43, 0.28, and 84.73; A-90 knee flexion: 0.62, 0.97, 20.00, 0.39, and 51.67; LSHS: 0.55, 0.73, 2.08, 0.61, and 3.44. The most accurate findings were obtained when the results of the A-30 and A-90 were combined, with sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio of 0.84, 0.97, 26.86, 0.17, and 161.89, respectively. CONCLUSION: The combination of the active hamstring A-30 and A-90 tests proved to be a highly accurate and valuable tool to diagnose proximal hamstring tendons tears with or without sciatic nerve involvement in subjects presenting with posterior hip pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, diagnostic study.

Ischiofemoral Impingement and Hamstring Syndrome as Causes of Posterior Hip Pain: Where Do We Go Next?

Recent advances in understanding hip joint anatomy and biomechanics have contributed to improvement of diagnosis and treatment decisions for distal causes of deep gluteal syndrome (DGS). Ischiofemoral impingement and hamstrings syndrome are sources of posterior hip pain that can simulate symptoms of DGS. The combination of a comprehensive history and physical examination with imaging and ancillary testing are critical for diagnosis. Six key physical examination tests are described to differentiate distal versus proximal sources of extrapelvic posterior hip pain. Outcomes depend on patient compliance and the understanding of the entire anatomy, biomechanics, clinical presentation, and open versus endoscopic treatment options.

Accuracy of 2 Clinical Tests for Ischiofemoral Impingement in Patients With Posterior Hip Pain and Endoscopically Confirmed Diagnosis.

PURPOSE: To establish the accuracy of the long-stride walking (LSW) and ischiofemoral impingement (IFI) tests for diagnosing IFI in patients whose primary symptom is posterior hip pain. METHODS: Confirmed IFI cases and cases in which IFI had been ruled out were identified considering imaging, injections, and endoscopic assessment, combined with pain relief and negative IFI-specific tests after treatment. Demographic data, duration of symptoms, pain location, ischiofemoral space, quadratus femoris space, quadratus femoris edema, surgical findings, and visual analog scale score for pain before and after treatment were computed for all patients included in this study. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratios were computed individually for the LSW test and IFI test. RESULTS: Cases from 1,166 consecutive hip operations and charts from 564 consecutive outpatients were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients who underwent injection and/or endoscopic surgery because of posterior hip pain. Thirty individuals (21 women and 9 men) with a mean age of 49.8 years (range, 20 to 76 years; standard deviation, 13.0 years) were included for analysis. Of the 30 patients, 17 (56.6%) were confirmed as positive for IFI and 13 (43.4%) were confirmed as negative for IFI. The IFI test had a sensitivity of 0.82, specificity of 0.85, positive predictive value of 0.88, negative predictive value of 0.79, positive likelihood ratio of 5.35, negative likelihood ratio of 0.21, and diagnostic odds ratio of 25.6. The LSW test had a sensitivity of 0.94, specificity of 0.85, positive predictive value of 0.89, negative predictive value of 0.92, positive likelihood ratio of 6.12, negative likelihood ratio of 0.07, and diagnostic odds ratio of 88.8. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with complaints of posterior hip pain and negative evaluation findings for lumbosacral spine involvement or static/dynamic mechanical axis malalignment, the IFI and LSW tests are highly accurate to help identify those with or without IFI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, diagnostic study.

Femoral Neck Anteversion and Lesser Trochanteric Retroversion in Patients With Ischiofemoral Impingement: A Case-Control Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between the femoral neck version (FNV) and lesser trochanteric version (LTV) in symptomatic patients with ischiofemoral impingement (IFI) as compared with asymptomatic hips. METHODS: The FNV and LTV of patients with symptomatic IFI who underwent magnetic resonance imaging assessment including a standardized femoral version study protocol were compared with those of patients with asymptomatic hips in this retrospective, observational study. Patients with isolated intra-articular pathology, prior hip fracture, and lesser trochanter deformity were excluded. The FNV, LTV, ischiofemoral space, and quadratus femoris space were evaluated on axial magnetic resonance imaging, as well as the angle between the LTV and the FNV. Independent t-tests were used to determine differences between groups. RESULTS: Data from 11 out 15 symptomatic patients and 250 out of 320 asymptomatic patients were analyzed. The mean ischiofemoral space (11.9 v 22.9 mm; P < .001; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.9 to 15.2) and mean quadratus femoris space (7.2 mm v 14.9 mm; P < .001; 95% CI, 5.4 to 8.6) were significantly smaller in symptomatic patients versus asymptomatic patients. There was no difference in mean LTV between groups (-23.6° v -24.2°; P = .8; 95% CI, -7.5 to 6.4), however, the mean FNV (21.7° v 14.1°; P = .02; 95% CI, -14.2 to -1.1) and the angle between the FNV and LTV on average (45.4° v 38.3°; P = .01; 95% CI, -12.9 to -1.3) were higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients, with statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The femoral mean neck anteversion and the mean angle between the FNV and LTV are significantly higher in patients with symptomatic IFI. The mean LTV is not increased in patients with symptomatic ischiofemoral impingement as compared with those patients with asymptomatic hips. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, diagnostic study.

Diagnosis and 2-year outcomes of endoscopic treatment for ischiofemoral impingement.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to investigate the clinical and radiographic presentation of patients with ischiofemoral impingement (IFI) and to assess the outcomes of endoscopic treatment with partial resection of the lesser trochanter. METHODS: Five patients with IFI who underwent endoscopic treatment with partial resection of the lesser trochanter were retrospectively reviewed. The outcomes were assessed at a mean follow-up of 2.3 years (range, 2 to 2.5 years) through the modified Harris Hip Score and a visual analog scale score for pain. Physical examination tests provoking the impingement between the lesser trochanter and ischium were used for the diagnosis of IFI, including the IFI test and reproducible pain lateral to the ischium with the long-stride walking test. The presence of quadratus femoris muscle edema and a decreased ischiofemoral space on magnetic resonance imaging was also necessary for the diagnosis. RESULTS: The mean modified Harris Hip Score increased from 51.3 points (range, 34.1 to 73.7 points) preoperatively to 94.2 points (range, 78.1 to 100 points) at the final follow-up (P = .003). The mean visual analog scale score for pain decreased from 6.6 (range, 6 to 7.3) before surgery to 1 (range, 0 to 4) at the final follow-up (P = .001). The mean duration to return to sport after surgery was 4.4 months (range, 1 to 7 months) for the 5 patients in this study. No complication was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic treatment of IFI was effective at 2 years in 5 patients with consistent clinical and imaging diagnostic findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Monopolar radiofrequency use in deep gluteal space endoscopy: sciatic nerve safety and fluid temperature.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temperature at the sciatic nerve when using a monopolar radiofrequency (RF) probe to control bleeding in deep gluteal space endoscopy, as well as assess the fluid temperature profile. METHODS: Ten hips in 5 fresh-frozen human cadaveric specimens from the abdomen to the toes were used for this experiment. Temperatures were measured at the sciatic nerve after 2, 5, and 10 seconds of continuous RF probe activation over an adjacent vessel, a branch of the inferior gluteal artery. Fluid temperatures were then measured at different distances from the probe (3, 5, and 10 mm) after 2, 5, and 10 seconds of continuous probe activation. All tests were performed with irrigation fluid flow at 60 mm Hg allowing outflow. RESULTS: After 2, 5, or 10 seconds of activation over the crossing branch of the inferior gluteal artery, the mean temperature increased by less than 1°C on the surface and in the perineurium of the sciatic nerve. Considering the fluid temperature profile in the deep gluteal space, the distance and duration of activation influenced temperature (P < .05). Continuous delivery of RF energy for 10 seconds caused fluid temperature increases of 1.2°C, 2°C, and 3.1°C on average at 10 mm, 5 mm, and 3 mm of distance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study found the tested monopolar RF device to be safe during use in vessels around the sciatic nerve after 2, 5, and 10 seconds of continuous activation. The maximum fluid temperature (28°C) after 10 seconds of activation at 3 mm of distance is lower than the minimal reported temperature necessary to cause nerve changes (40°C to 45°C). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Monopolar RF seems to be safe to the neural structures when used at more than 3 mm of distance and with less than 10 seconds of continuous activation in deep gluteal space endoscopy with fluid inflow and outflow.

History and physical examination of the hip: the basics.

The history and physical examination of the hip is the key component for evaluation of patients presenting with hip pain. As our understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the normal hip vs the pathologic hip advances, the physical examination progresses as well. As with the shoulder and knee examinations, there are critical steps that form the basis of the examination of the hip joint. This hip examination contains 21 steps, which compares well with the shoulder 20 step exam and the knee 33 step exam. Consideration should be given for the hip as comprised of 4 layers: the osseous, capsulolabral, musculotendinous, and neurovascular. The hip represents the link between the upper body and lower body, therefore the fifth layer, the kinematic chain, plays an essential role in treatment recommendations. A clinical evaluation of the hip that incorporates this multifactor thought process will lead to an accurate diagnosis in a timely manner. This paper is a description of the 21 core examinations of a standardized clinical evaluation of the hip.