Strategies to address diabetic kidney disease burden in Mexico: a narrative review by the Mexican College of Nephrologists.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global public health challenge worldwide. In Mexico, CKD prevalence is alarmingly high and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a severe complication of diabetes, is a leading determinant of CKD. The escalating diabetes prevalence and the complex regional landscape in Mexico underscore the pressing need for tailored strategies to reduce the burden of CKD. This narrative review, endorsed by the Mexican College of Nephrologists, aims to provide a brief overview and specific strategies for healthcare providers regarding preventing, screening, and treating CKD in patients living with diabetes in all care settings. The key topics covered in this review include the main cardiometabolic contributors of DKD (overweight/obesity, hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia), the identification of kidney-related damage markers, and the benefit of novel pharmacological approaches based on Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i) and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RA). We also address the potential use of novel therapies based on Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRAs) and their future implications. Emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary treatment, this narrative review aims to promote strategies that may be useful to alleviate the burden of DKD and its associated complications. It underscores the critical role of healthcare providers and advocates for collaborative efforts to enhance the quality of life for millions of patients affected by DKD.

Patients Living With Arterial Hypertension in Mexico: First Insights of The Mexican Registry of Arterial Hypertension (RIHTA Study).

BACKGROUND: Arterial hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Mexico. However, there is limited evidence to understand blood pressure management and cardiometabolic profiles. Here, we aim to assess the prevalence of controlled and uncontrolled blood pressure, as well as the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors among patients from the Mexican Registry of Arterial Hypertension (RIHTA). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of participants living with arterial hypertension registered on RIHTA between December 2021 and April 2023. We used both the 2017 ACC/AHA and 2018 ESC/ESH thresholds to define controlled and uncontrolled arterial hypertension. We considered eleven cardiometabolic risk factors, which include overweight, obesity, central obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, high LDL-C, low-eGFR, and high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. RESULTS: In a sample of 5,590 participants (female: 61%, n = 3,393; median age: 64 [IQR: 56-72] years), the prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension varied significantly, depending on the definition (2017 ACC/AHA: 59.9%, 95% CI: 58.6-61.2 and 2018 ESC/ESH: 20.1%, 95% CI: 19.0-21.2). In the sample, 40.43% exhibited at least 5-6 risk factors, and 32.4% had 3-4 risk factors, chiefly abdominal obesity (83.4%, 95% CI: 82.4-84.4), high LDL-C (59.6%, 95% CI: 58.3-60.9), high CVD risk (57.9%, 95% CI: 56.6-59.2), high triglycerides (56.2%, 95% CI: 54.9-57.5), and low HDL-C (42.2%, 95% CI: 40.9-43.5). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension interlinked with a high burden of cardiometabolic comorbidities in Mexican adults living with arterial hypertension, underscoring the urgent need for targeted interventions and better healthcare policies to reduce the burden of the disease in our country.

Strategies to prevent, diagnose and treat kidney disease related to systemic arterial hypertension: a narrative review from the Mexican Group of Experts on Arterial Hypertension.

This narrative review highlights strategies proposed by the Mexican Group of Experts on Arterial Hypertension endorsed to prevent, diagnose, and treat chronic kidney disease (CKD) related to systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). Given the growing prevalence of CKD in Mexico and Latin America caused by SAH, there is a need for context-specific approaches to address the effects of SAH, given the diverse population and unique challenges faced by the region. This narrative review provides clinical strategies for healthcare providers on preventing, diagnosing, and treating kidney disease related to SAH, focusing on primary prevention, early detection, evidence-based diagnostic approaches, and selecting pharmacological treatments. Key-strategies are focused on six fundamental areas: 1) Strategies to mitigate kidney disease in SAH, 2) early detection of CKD in SAH, 3) diagnosis and monitoring of SAH, 4) blood pressure targets in patients living with CKD, 5) hypertensive treatment in patients with CKD and 6) diuretics and Non-Steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Inhibitors in Patients with CKD. This review aims to provide relevant strategies for the Mexican and Latin American clinical context, highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to managing SAH, and the role of community-based programs in improving the quality of life for affected individuals. This position paper seeks to contribute to reducing the burden of SAH-related CKD and its complications in Mexico and Latin America.

Risk Factors for Severe-Critical COVID-19 in Pregnant Women.

Risk factors associated with severe-critical COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) are based on findings in the general population. Pregnant women are at increased risk of severe-critical infection, and few reports are based on these women. A multicentric case-control study was conducted at the Mexican Institute of Social Security, State of Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic. We included pregnant women who were consecutively admitted to respiratory care units and were followed until 30 days after the resolution of pregnancy. A total of 758 pregnant women with a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled from June 2020 to July 2021. We defined groups using the World Health Organization Severity Classification; cases were pregnant women with severe-critical COVID-19 (n = 123), and controls were subjects with non-severe COVID-19 (n = 635). Data was gathered from clinical files. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to adjust odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals of factors associated with severe-critical COVID-19. Risk factors associated with severe-critical COVID-19 in pregnancy were non-vaccination (OR 10.18), blood type other than O (OR 6.29), maternal age > 35 years (OR 5.76), history of chronic hypertension (OR 5.12), gestational age at infection ≥ 31 weeks (OR 3.28), and multiparity (OR 2.80).

[Epidemiological characterization of COVID-2019 in Mexican pregnant women: a cohort study]. / Caracterización epidemiológica de la COVID-2019 en población obstétrica mexicana: estudio de cohorte.

Background: COVID-19 in pregnancy can increase the risk of complications due to the cardiorespiratory and immunological changes typical of pregnancy. Objective: To report the epidemiological characterization of COVID-19 in Mexican pregnant women. Material and methods: Cohort study on pregnant women with a positive COVID-19 test, which were followed until delivery and one month later. Results: 758 pregnant women were included in the analysis. Mothers' mean age was 28.8 ± 6.1 years; the majority were workers 497 (65.6%) and with an urban origin (482, 63.6%); the most common blood group was O with 458 (63.0%); 478 (63.0%) were nulliparous women and more than 25% had some comorbidities; the average gestation weeks at infection were 34.4 ± 5.1 weeks; only 170 pregnant women (22.4%) received vaccination; the most frequent vaccine was BioNTech Pfizer (96, 60%); there were no serious adverse events attributed to vaccination. The mean gestational age at delivery was 35.4 ± 5.2 weeks; 85% of pregnancies were cesarean section; the most frequent complication was prematurity (406, 53.5%), followed by preeclampsia (199, 26.2%); there were 5 cases of maternal death and 39 cases of perinatal death. Conclusions: COVID-19 in pregnancy increases the risk of preterm birth, preeclampsia, and maternal death. Vaccination against COVID-19 in this series showed no risk for pregnant women and their newborns.

Introducción: la COVID-19 en el embarazo puede incrementar el riesgo de complicaciones debido a los cambios cardiorrespiratorios e inmunológicos propios de la gestación. Objetivo: reportar la caracterización epidemiológica de la COVID-19 en población obstétrica mexicana. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte en embarazadas con prueba positiva para COVID-19 que fueron seguidas hasta la resolución del embarazo y un mes después. Resultados: 758 mujeres embarazadas fueron incluidas en el análisis. La media de edad en las madres fue 28.8 ± 6.1 años; la mayoría trabajadoras 497 (65.6%) y de origen urbano (482, 63.6%); el grupo sanguíneo más común fue O 458 (63.0%); 478 (63.0%) fueron primigestas, y más del 25% padecía comorbilidades; las semanas de gestación promedio al contagio fueron 34.4 ± 5.1 semanas; solo 170 gestantes (22.4%) recibieron vacunación; la vacuna más frecuente fue BioNTech Pfizer (96, 60%); no hubo eventos adversos graves atribuibles a la vacunación. La edad gestacional media al nacer fue de 35.4 ± 5.2 semanas; el 85% de los embarazos se interrumpieron por cesárea; la complicación más frecuente fue la prematurez con 406 (53.5%), seguida de preeclampsia con 199 (26.2%); hubo 5 casos de muerte materna y 39 casos de muerte perinatal. Conclusiones: la COVID-19 en el embarazo aumenta el riesgo de parto prematuro, preeclampsia y muerte materna. Al menos en esta serie la vacunación contra COVID-19 no mostró riesgo para las mujeres embarazadas y sus recién nacidos.

Prevalent coinfection and associated factors for Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in patients submitted to renal replacement therapy: A cross-sectional study of 21 dialysis units in the State of Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) predispose to viral coinfections in patients submitted to renal replacement therapy (RRT); nevertheless, few reports have been performed to elucidate the current epidemiology within this population in Mexico. AIM: To estimate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV coinfection and to explore factors associated with prevalent coinfection in patients living with renal failure undergoing to RRT. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional recruitment across 21 units at the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) at the State of Mexico was performed during 2019. A standardized clinical questionnaire was performed to elucidate individual and relatives-related conditions. A treatment facility questionnaire was applied to the chief responsible of each unit to explore treatment facility variables. Serological testing, clinical, biochemical, and anthropometrical parameters were extracted from clinical records. RESULT: In 1,304 patients (57.5% male, mean age 45.5 (SD: 15.6) years, and 95.8% in hemodialysis), the prevalence of any viral coinfection was 3.14% (95% CI: 2.32%-4.23%). The highest viral coinfection prevalence were for HCV, HBV, and HIV, in which men and subjects diagnosed after 2010's had the highest rates. We identify that being submitted to peritoneal dialysis, being treated in a surrogated dialysis center and living with a close relative with prior hepatitis coinfection were associated factors for any viral coinfection. CONCLUSION: In patients submitted to RRT, the prevalence of viral coinfection remains high compared with general population. Screening strategies, medical awareness and targeted public healthcare policies should prioritize better care practices within patients submitted to RRT in Mexico.

Cost analysis of drug treatment in hypertensive patients at social security health care family medicine units.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the increase of drug treatment costs associated with predictive factors of hypertensive patients in family medicine units. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A generalized linear model was employed to estimate costs with data from a microcosting costing study for a 1-year time horizon. Sources of dada were medical electronic files, phar-macy records and unitary prices updated to 2019. RESULTS: From a total of 864 patients older than 65 years were 67% and women 65%. Factors with most influence on mean drug treatment costs were diabetes, age and complications associ-ated with hypertension. Mean annual cost of antihypertensive treatment was 61 dollars (CI95% 55,67) and median were 32 dollars (IQR 30,35) per patient. Incremental costs for diabetes were 23 dollars (CI95% 13,33) and 25 dollars (CI95% 5,45) in the group of ≥ 65 years. CONCLUSION: Diabetes, age and complications were the factors with largest influence on hypertension pharmacological costs.

Cost analysis of drug treatment in hypertensive patients at social security health care family medicine units / Análisis de costo de tratamientos farmacológicos en pacientes hipertensos en unidades de medicina familiar de seguridad social en salud

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the increase of drug treatment costs associated with predictive factors of hypertensive patients in family medicine units. Materials and methods: A generalized linear model was employed to estimate costs with data from a microcosting costing study for a 1-year time horizon. Sources of dada were medical electronic files, pharmacy records and unitary prices updated to 2019. Results: From a total of 864 patients older than 65 years were 67% and women 65%. Factors with most influence on mean drug treatment costs were diabetes, age and complications associated with hypertension. Mean annual cost of antihypertensive treatment was 61 dollars (CI95% 55,67) and median were 32 dollars (IQR 30,35) per patient. Incremental costs for diabetes were 23 dollars (CI95% 13,33) and 25 dollars (CI95% 5, 45) in the group of ≥ 65 years. Conclusion: Diabetes, age and complications were the factors with largest influence on hypertension pharmacological costs.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar el aumento de costos de tratamiento farmacológico de hipertensión asociado con factores predictivos en pacientes de unidades de medicina familiar. Material y métodos: El análisis utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado alimentado con información de un estudio de microcosteo en 2016. Las fuentes de información fueron los registros médicos del expediente electrónico y de farmacia y los precios unitarios del cuadro básico de medicamentos transformados a dólares americanos correspondientes a 2019. Resultados: Las variables significativas con mayor influencia fueron diabetes, edad y complicaciones asociadas con hipertensión. El costo promedio anual de tratamiento antihipertensivo por paciente fue de 61 dólares (IC95% 55,67) Los resultados sugieren un costo incremental de 23 dólares (IC95% 13,33) cuando se tiene diabetes y de 25 dólares (IC95% 5, 45) en el grupo ≥ 65 años. Conclusiones: Diabetes, edad y complicaciones son los factores encontrados que más influyen en los costos farmacológicos de tratamiento de la hipertensión.

Prevalence and characterization of undiagnosed arterial hypertension in the eastern zone of Mexico.

Arterial hypertension is considered a public health problem with severe consequences at an individual and public health levels. However, there is a lack of information regarding its characterization in Mexico. The objective of this study is to estimate the proportion of undiagnosed arterial hypertension (UAH) and the overall prevalence and clinical management of arterial hypertension within the Eastern Zone of Mexico. Additionally, we explore associated factors related with both UAH and uncontrolled arterial hypertension. We obtained information from the May Measure Month (MMM) 2019 study. People were asked for cardiovascular risk factors and blood pressure was measured according to the protocols of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Data from 5901 subjects were extracted: 76.04% from the Eastern Zone of the State of Mexico. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 32.4% (95% CI 31.2-33.6). From all subjects living with hypertension, 28.3% had UAH, 22.1% had previous diagnosis but were untreated; 29.3% were treated but had uncontrolled hypertension. Younger men adults living in the State of Michoacán had increased proportion of UAH and untreated hypertension. We observed that male sex, age, obesity, living at Michoacán were risk factors for UAH. Finally, male sex, diabetes, and living at Michoacán were related risk conditions for having uncontrolled arterial hypertension. In summary, there is a high proportion of UAH in Easter Zone of Mexico. Younger adults had higher proportion of UAH and untreated hypertension profiles. Efficient actions are required to make a timely diagnosis in the young adult population to prevent long-term complications.

Blood pressure rhythmicity in patients with end stage chronic kidney disease: bromocriptine effect / Ritmicidad de la presión arterial en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal: efecto de bromocriptina

BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper was to characterize the blood pressure CR in patients with end stage chronic kidney disease (ESCKD) before and after treatment with bromocriptine compared to healthy volunteers. METHODS: Fifteen patients and nine healthy volunteers were included. Both groups underwent ambulatory 24 hours blood pressure (24 h ABPM). Patients received 2.5 mg every 8 hours of bromocriptine for eight weeks, at the end of the treatment 24 h ABPM was repeated; blood pressure CR was compared before and after treatment and with healthy volunteers. The CR was identified by the method of Cosinor. RESULTS: 64% of volunteers showed a 24 h CR, against 27% of patients (p < 0.05). After the treatment with bromocriptine 40% of patients showed RC 24 h. The mean arterial pressure decreased from 129 ± 1 mmHg to 106 ± 1 mmHg. A 12 h rhythm was identified in 45% of volunteers and 73% of patients before treatment (p < 0.05) against 60% at the end (p < 0.001), with no statistical difference with volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: The CR in blood pressure is altered in ESCKD and could be restored with bromocriptine. 12 hours rhythmicity was identified predominantly in patients with ESCKD; this rhythm was also present in the healthy volunteers.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el propósito de este estudio es caracterizar el ritmo circadiano (RC) de la presión arterial en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT) en tratamiento con diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria (DPCA) antes y después del tratamiento con bromocriptina (BEC) comparándolos con voluntarios sanos. MÉTODOS: se incluyeron 15 pacientes del servicio de Nefrología y 9 voluntarios sanos. Se les realizó monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterial de 24 horas (MAPA). Los pacientes recibieron 2.5 mg de BEC cada 8 hora durante ocho semanas, al final del tratamiento se repitió el MAPA; el RC de la presión arterial se comparó antes y después del tratamiento y con los voluntarios. Resultados: el 64% de los voluntarios exhibieron RC de 24 horas, frente al 27% de los pacientes (p < 0.05). Después del tratamiento con BEC, el 40% de pacientes mostraron RC de 24 h. El mesor de la presión arterial media disminuyó de 129 ± 1 mmHg a 106 ± 1 mmHg (p < 0.05). Se identificó un ritmo de 12 h en 45% de los voluntarios y en el 73% de los pacientes antes del tratamiento (p < 0.05) frente a 60% al final (p < 0.001), sin diferencia estadística con los voluntarios. CONCLUSIONES: el RC de la presión arterial esta alterado en la IRCT y se restableció con BEC. La ritmicidad de 12 h predominó en los pacientes con ERCT, también presente en los voluntarios sanos.

Structural and functional cardiac abnormalities during chronic kidney disease / Alteraciones en la estructura y función cardíaca durante la enfermedad renal crónica

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). These involve the whole structure and function of the heart, so the clinical presentation varies from chronic heart failure to arrhythmias and even sudden death, having a significant impact on the patient's quality of life and a high cost for health services. The origin of these cardiovascular alterations is ample, involving the traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, as well as systemic changes that cause the progressive loss of the glomerular filtration rate. The identification of cardiovascular alterations during the course of the CKD has become important in the clinical setting, and there is a wide field of research regarding treatment interventions, many of which have not been fully established up to date.

La principal causa de muerte en la población con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) se debe a causas cardiovasculares; estas alteraciones involucran a toda la estructura y función del corazón, de tal forma que la presentación clínica varía desde un cuadro de insuficiencia cardiaca crónica, hasta arritmias y muerte súbita, con un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida del enfermo y un alto costo para los servicios de salud. El origen de estas alteraciones es basto e intervienen en su generación los factores tradicionales y no tradicionales de riesgo cardiovascular, así como los cambios sistémicos que ocasiona la pérdida progresiva de la tasa de filtración glomerular. La identificación de las alteraciones cardiovasculares durante el transcurso de la ERC ha tomado importancia en la atención clínica del enfermo, y existe un amplio campo de investigación en lo que se refiere a las intervenciones de tratamiento, muchas de las cuales, al momento actual, no se encuentran totalmente establecidas.

[Consensus on Systemic Arterial Hypertension In México]. / Consenso de Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica en México.

This Consenso Nacional de Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica (National Consensus on Systemic Arterial Hypertension) brings together experiences and joint work of 79 specialists who have been in contact with the patient affected by systemic arterial hypertension. All concepts here presented were outlined on the basis of the real world practice of Mexican hypertensive population. The consensus was developed under strict methodological guidelines. The Delphi technique was applied in two rounds for the development of an appropriate statistical analysis of the concepts exposed by all the specialists, who posed key questions, later developed by the panel of experts of the Hospital de Cardiología, and specialists from the Centro Médico Nacional. Several angles of this illness are shown: detection, diagnosis, pathophysiology, classification, treatment and prevention. The evidence analysis was carried out using PRISMA method. More than 600 articles were reviewed, leaving only the most representative in the references. This document concludes with practical and useful recommendations for the three levels of health care of our country.

Este Consenso Nacional de Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica reúne las experiencias y el trabajo conjunto de 79 especialistas que han estado en contacto con el paciente que padece hipertensión arterial sistémica. Todos los conceptos aquí presentados se plantearon con base en la práctica del mundo real de la población hipertensa de México. El consenso se desarrolló bajo lineamientos metodológicos estrictos. La técnica de Delphi se aplicó en dos vueltas para el desarrollo de un análisis estadístico apropiado de los conceptos vertidos por todos los especialistas con preguntas clave que desarrolló el panel de expertos del Hospital de Cardiología y especialistas del Centro Médico Nacional. Se presentan los aspectos de detección, diagnóstico, fisiopatología, clasificación, tratamiento y prevención. El análisis de la evidencia en la literatura se hizo utilizando el método de PRISMA para análisis de evidencia. Se revisaron más de 600 artículos y se dejaron en la bibliografía solo los más representativos. Este documento concluye con recomendaciones prácticas y de utilidad para los tres niveles de atención en salud de nuestro país.

[Treatment of hypertension in chronic kidney disease]. / Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial en la enfermedad renal crónica.

Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a progressive cardiovascular syndrome caused by complex and interrelated causes. The early markers of this syndrome are often present even before the blood pressure (BP) elevation; therefore, SAH cannot only be classified by the BP elevation threshold, which sometimes is discreet. Its progression is strongly associated with structural and functional cardiovascular abnormalities, which lead to end-organ damage (heart, kidney, brain, blood vessels and other organs), and cause premature morbidity and death. In this sense, the BP is only a biomarker of this cardiovascular syndrome, which is why it is more useful to consider individual BP patterns of the ill patient rather than a single BP threshold. The study and treatment of hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has made some progresses, especially in patients requiring dialysis. The use of non-invasive technology to register the BP has reconfigured health care of patients in regards to the diagnosis, circadian pattern, clinical surveillance, pharmacological prescription, prognosis, and risk of cardiovascular events (as well as mortality). The opportunity in the diagnosis and treatment means a delay in the onset of complications and, also, of dialysis. The blockade of the renin-aldotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), a regular monitoring of the dry weight of the population in dialysis, and non-pharmacological interventions to modify lifestyle are the maneuvers with greater impact on the morbidity and mortality of patients.

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es un síndrome cardiovascular progresivo que es ocasionado por etiologías complejas e interrelacionadas. Los marcadores tempranos del síndrome frecuentemente están presentes antes de que se eleve la presión arterial (PA); por lo tanto, la HTA no puede ser solamente clasificada por el umbral de elevación de la PA. Su progresión está fuertemente asociada con anormalidades estructurales y funcionales de la función cardiaca y vascular que dañan el corazón, el riñón, el cerebro, los vasos sanguíneos y otros órganos, y provocan morbilidad y muerte prematuras. Así, la PA es solamente un biomarcador de este síndrome cardiovascular, por lo que es de mayor utilidad considerar los patrones individuales de PA del enfermo en vez de un umbral de PA único. El estudio y tratamiento de la HTA en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) ha tenido avances, sobre todo en la población en diálisis. El uso de tecnología no invasiva para registrar la PA ha permitido reformar la atención médica de los enfermos en cuanto al diagnóstico, patrón circadiano, vigilancia clínica, prescripción farmacológica, pronóstico y riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares. La oportunidad en el diagnóstico y tratamiento supone un retardo en la aparición de complicaciones y en el inicio de la diálisis. El bloqueo del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), la vigilancia periódica del peso seco en la población en diálisis y las intervenciones para modificar el estilo de vida son las maniobras con mayor impacto en la morbimortalidad de los enfermos.

Inflammation and myocardial damage markers influence loss of residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Residual renal function (RRF) has been identified as the most important component in dialysis adequacy and has a strong effect on clinical outcomes. This justifies any effort in understanding the mechanism behind the preservation or decline in RRF. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of components of cardio-renal syndrome with the rate of decline in RRF. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed in a group of prevalent adult patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Patients were analyzed at baseline and after a 30-month follow-up. Evaluations included measurements of residual renal function, dialysis adequacy parameters, cardiovascular comorbidity, and measurements of biochemical markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and inflammation, as well as resting electrocardiography. RESULTS: We included 129 patients in the study who were divided into groups according to loss of RRF, considering the cut-off point as 100 mL/day of 24 h urine volume. At baseline, there were no differences between groups: patients who lost RRF showed low values of 24 h urine volume, higher levels of systolic blood pressure, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, and low values of serum albumin. In the multivariate analysis, age, albumin, CRP, and NT-proBNP were significant risk factors for the loss of RRF. CONCLUSIONS: Data indicate a close relationship between heart and kidney function where chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects and is an effect of, heart function, indicative of a bi-directional influence that leads to a vicious cycle, promoting deleterious effects on both systems.

DD genotype of angiotensin-converting enzyme in type 2 diabetes mellitus with renal disease in Mexican Mestizos.

AIM: The DD genotype of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been suggested as a major contributor of diabetic nephropathy in several populations. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether micro/macroalbuminuria is associated with ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in Mexican Mestizos with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A total of 435 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, of whom 233 had albuminuria, were characterized for the ACE I/D polymorphism by the polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: Clinical and biochemical characteristics and frequencies according to DD, ID and II genotypes in patients with and without albuminuria showed no significant differences. However, only females with micro/macroalbuminuria showed higher frequency of a DD genotype than those without albuminuria (27.9%, 21.2% and 10.5%, respectively; P

La valoración preoperatoria en el adulto / Preoperative evaluation in adults

Este trabajo pretende reconsiderar la utilidad y las indicaciones de la valoración preoperatoria en el adulto. Se estudió de manera prospectiva una cohorte de 791 pacientes candidatos a tratamiento quirúrgico, mayores de 40 años, que contaban con citología hemática, glucosa en sangre, urea, creatinina, sodio y potasio séricos, tiempo de protrombina, tiempo de tromboplastina parcial, cuenta de plaquetas, pruebas de funcionamiento hepático, telerradiografía de tórax en posteroanterior y electrocardiograma. Se buscaron complicaciones postoperatorias cardiovasculares, renales, hepáticas, pulmonares, hemorrágicas trans y postoperatorias, infecciosas y alteraciones metabólicas, mediante una visita diaria que se continuó hasta el egreso hospitalario. Se calculó el riesgo relativo (RR) de cada una de la variables, para predecir cada una de las complicaciones, valorando las diferencias con X² y prueba exacta de Fisher. Las variables estadísticamente significativas se sometieron a regresión logística. Se estudiaron 751 pacientes, 335 hombres (44 por ciento) y 416 mujeres (56 por ciento), con edad promedio de 63.9 años. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron las alteraciones metabólicas (16.9 por ciento) y las infecciones postoperatorias (7.0). La hemorragia trans o postoperatoria tuvo una frecuencia de 2.2 por ciento. Hubo 17 defunciones (2.2 por ciento) relacionadas directamente con la magnitud del suceso quirúrgico, la presencia de enfermedades subyacentes y la suma de complicaciones postoperatorias. La selección de pruebas de laboratorio y gabinetes, para llevar a cabo la valoración clínica, la cual debe enfocarse a la búsqueda de factores de riesgo para complicaciones del acto quirúrgico