Quantifying the uncertainty of LLM hallucination spreading in complex adaptive social networks.

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming a significant source of content generation in social networks, which is a typical complex adaptive system (CAS). However, due to their hallucinatory nature, LLMs produce false information that can spread through social networks, which will impact the stability of the whole society. The uncertainty of LLMs false information spread within social networks is attributable to the diversity of individual behaviors, intricate interconnectivity, and dynamic network structures. Quantifying the uncertainty of false information spread by LLMs in social networks is beneficial for preemptively devising strategies to defend against threats. To address these challenges, we propose an LLMs hallucination-aware dynamic modeling method via agent-based probability distributions, spread popularity and community affiliation, to quantify the uncertain spreading of LLMs hallucination in social networks. We set up the node attributes and behaviors in the model based on real-world data. For evaluation, we consider the spreaders, informed people, discerning and unwilling non-spreaders as indicators, and quantified the spreading under different LLMs task situations, such as QA, dialogue, and summarization, as well as LLMs versions. Furthermore, we conduct experiments using real-world LLM hallucination data combined with social network features to ensure the validity of the proposed quantifying scheme.

National trends and ecological factors of physical activity engagement among U.S youth before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cohort study from 2019 to 2021.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the trends and ecological determinants of physical activity among U.S. children and adolescents during the 2019-2021 period, encompassing the COVID-19 pandemic's onset and subsequent years. METHODS: Utilizing data from the National Survey of Children's Health over three years, this cohort study analyzed physical activity levels and ecological determinants among 82,068 participants aged 6-17. The sample included 36,133 children (44%) and 45,935 adolescents (56%), with variables assessed by caregiver reports. RESULTS: The analysis revealed a significant decline in physical activity among children from 2019 to 2020, followed by a recovery in 2021, whereas adolescents showed a continued decrease without recovery. Over the study period, children were consistently more active than adolescents. Better health status, normal weight, less screen time, stronger peer relationships, higher parental involvement, better family resilience and greater school participation were consistently correlated with increased physical activity in both age groups. Sleep duration was a predictor of activity only in children, while mental health status was solely a predictor in adolescents. Neighborhood environment consistently predicted children's activity levels but was a significant factor for adolescents only in 2020. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the differing impacts of the pandemic on physical activity between children and adolescents, emphasizing the need for targeted public health interventions, particularly for adolescents whose activity levels have not recovered from the pandemic period. Age-specific physical activity interventions should consider sleep duration and neighborhood environmental factors when targeting children and mental health factors when focused on adolescents.

Adsorption of Cu Nanoparticles on Polystyrene-Based Microspheres.

Nanoparticle composite microspheres are a versatile material with unique features and wide-ranging applications, including catalysis, biological medicine, and electronic devices. The adsorption behavior of nanoparticles on the surface of microspheres plays a crucial role in determining the further application potentials. The understanding of nanoparticle adsorption behavior on microsphere surfaces is essential for guiding future applications in nanoparticle composite microspheres. In this work, the adsorption behavior of unstable copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) on polystyrene-based (PS-based) microspheres was investigated. The influence of PS-based microspheres' surface properties and the oxidation degree of Cu NPs were determined. The adsorption mechanism of Cu NPs on PS-based microspheres was analyzed. Furthermore, the amounts and rates of adsorption were examined. It was found that the Cu NPs can be rapidly and firmly adsorbed on the surface of carboxyl-modified polystyrene microspheres. Additionally, precise control over the distribution of Cu NPs on the surface of PS-based microspheres can be achieved by manipulating the solvent's polarity.

Exploring the relationship between coping styles and well-being among Chinese university students: A longitudinal study based on the transactional stress model.

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, university students were exposed to increased stress, which significantly affected their well-being. This study examines the coping mechanisms employed by Chinese university students during this crisis, with a particular focus on the potential protective role of coping flexibility in maintaining their well-being. Using the transactional stress model and the dual-process theory of coping flexibility, this longitudinal study analyzed the responses of 206 Chinese university students at three measurement points in late 2022. The findings suggest that disruptions in daily life during the pandemic likely led students to engage in problematic internet use as a coping strategy, which subsequently led to reduced well-being. However, the study also shows that coping flexibility plays a crucial protective role in maintaining students' well-being. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions aimed at enhancing coping flexibility among university students, especially in the evolving post-pandemic landscape.

Gut pathobiome mediates behavioral and developmental disorders in biotoxin-exposed amphibians.

Emerging evidence suggests a link between alterations in the gut microbiome and adverse health outcomes in the hosts exposed to environmental pollutants. Yet, the causal relationships and underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. Here we show that exposure to biotoxins can affect gut pathobiome assembly in amphibians, which in turn triggers the toxicity of exogenous pollutants. We used Xenopus laevis as a model in this study. Tadpoles exposed to tropolone demonstrated notable developmental impairments and increased locomotor activity, with a reduction in total length by 4.37%-22.48% and an increase in swimming speed by 49.96%-84.83%. Fusobacterium and Cetobacterium are predominant taxa in the gut pathobiome of tropolone-exposed tadpoles. The tropolone-induced developmental and behavioral disorders in the host were mediated by assembly of the gut pathobiome, leading to transcriptome reprogramming. This study not only advances our understanding of the intricate interactions between environmental pollutants, the gut pathobiome, and host health but also emphasizes the potential of the gut pathobiome in mediating the toxicological effects of environmental contaminants.

Phyllosphere microbiome induces host metabolic defence against rice false-smut disease.

Mutualistic interactions between host plants and their microbiota have the potential to provide disease resistance. Most research has focused on the rhizosphere, but it is unclear how the microbiome associated with the aerial surface of plants protects against infection. Here we identify a metabolic defence underlying the mutualistic interaction between the panicle and the resident microbiota in rice to defend against a globally prevalent phytopathogen, Ustilaginoidea virens, which causes false-smut disease. Analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer sequencing data identified keystone microbial taxa enriched in the disease-suppressive panicle, in particular Lactobacillus spp. and Aspergillus spp. Integration of these data with primary metabolism profiling, host genome editing and microbial isolate transplantation experiments revealed that plants with these taxa could resist U. virens infection in a host branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-dependent manner. Leucine, a predominant BCAA, suppressed U. virens pathogenicity by inducing apoptosis-like cell death through H2O2 overproduction. Additionally, preliminary field experiments showed that leucine could be used in combination with chemical fungicides with a 50% reduction in dose but similar efficacy to higher fungicide concentrations. These findings may facilitate protection of crops from panicle diseases prevalent at a global scale.

The Role of Perioperative C-Reactive Protein in Predicting the Prognosis of Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma.

Background: Increasing epidemiological evidence supported that chronic inflammatory factors might be involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of various cancers. The present study tried to investigate the prognostic value of perioperative C-reactive protein (CRP) in prognosis of patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) from a tertiary university teaching hospital. Methods: The cutoff value of CRP was calculated according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Variables were compared using Chi-square test. Progress-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) time were assessed by Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis and Log rank test based on serum CRP level. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied for assessing the relationship between clinicopathological parameters and survival. Results: Higher perioperative CRP levels (preoperative ≥5.15 mg/L and postoperative ≥72.45 mg/L) were significantly associated with serous tumor, high-grade, advanced stage, elevated preoperative CA125, suboptimal surgery, chemotherapy resistance, recurrence and death in EOC (P < 0.01). KM analysis suggested patients with elevated preoperative, postoperative and perioperative CRP had shorter survival (P < 0.01). Elevated perioperative CRP was an independent risk factor for PFS (HR 1.510, 95% CI 1.124-2.028; P = 0.006) and OS (HR 1.580, 95% CI 1.109-2.251; P = 0.011). Similar results were obtained for elevated preoperative CRP. Subgroup analysis further suggested that elevated perioperative CRP was also an independent risk factor for prognosis in advanced stage and serous EOC. Conclusion: Elevated perioperative CRP was an independent risk factor for poorer prognosis of EOC, particularly in advanced stage and serous patients.

E-sports playing and its relation to lifestyle behaviors and psychological well-being: A large-scale study of collegiate e-sports players in China.

BACKGROUND: The research on e-sports mainly concerns the relationship between game playing behavior and Internet addiction, especially among college students. It remained a question of how college students' e-sports playing was associated with their lifestyle behaviors and psychological well-being in China. OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed to explore whether collegiate e-sports players' e-sports participation behaviors differ across demographic backgrounds and how their e-sports playing relates to their lifestyle behaviors and psychological well-being. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1441 collegiate e-sports players in China. The demographic characteristics of collegiate e-sports players were explored. The Bivariate Person correlation, linear and Tobit regression analyses were used to examine how students' e-sports playing was related to their lifestyle behaviors (i.e., sleep quality and physical activity) and psychological well-being (mobile phone addiction, online game addiction, satisfaction with life, and perceived stress). RESULTS: The results of independent t-test and ANOVA analyses revealed that students from different grades, majors, family residences, and family structures differed in their e-sports participation behaviors. The results of linear regression and Tobit regression analyses also revealed that students' e-sports participation behaviors were related to their lifestyle behaviors and psychological well-being, except for sleep quality and mobile phone addiction. It is noteworthy that the length of time in playing e-sports and e-sports consumption was related to different lifestyle behaviors and psychological well-being. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrated that e-sports playing had penetrated college students' daily life. Appropriate time arrangement and rational e-sports consumption are crucial in promoting a healthy lifestyle and psychological well-being among college students.

Plant pathogenesis: Toward multidimensional understanding of the microbiome.

Single pathogen-targeted disease management measure has shown drawbacks in field efficacy under the scenario of global change. An in-depth understanding of plant pathogenesis will provide a promising solution but faces the challenges of the emerging paradigm involving the plant microbiome. While the beneficial impact of the plant microbiome is well characterized, their potential role in facilitating pathological processes has so far remained largely overlooked. To address these unsolved controversies and emerging challenges, we hereby highlight the pathobiome, the disease-assisting portion hidden in the plant microbiome, in the plant pathogenesis paradigm. We review the detrimental actions mediated by the pathobiome at multiple scales and further discuss how natural and human triggers result in the prevalence of the plant pathobiome, which would probably provide a clue to the mitigation of plant disease epidemics. Collectively, the article would advance the current insight into plant pathogenesis and also pave a new way to cope with the upward trends of plant disease by designing the pathobiome-targeted measure.

Understanding protective and risk factors affecting adolescents' well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study investigated the factors affecting adolescents' well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspectives of their participation in digital activities, emotional regulation, self-regulated learning, and parental involvement. Using self-reported data from 932 pairs of adolescents and their parents, we performed multiple-group structural equation modeling, which revealed that self-efficacy in online learning during school suspension was a key factor influencing adolescents' perceived worries after schools resumed. During school suspension, boys' cognitive-emotional regulation played a protective role in their well-being, helping them to avoid cyberbullying incidents, while girls' participation in leisure-oriented digital activities compromised their self-efficacy in online learning and led to cyberbullying incidents. Furthermore, improvement in parent-child relationships during school suspension encouraged adolescents to use more positive emotional regulation strategies, enhanced their self-efficacy in online learning, and reduced their leisure-time digital activities. The findings indicate that the effective regulation of adolescents' online behaviors, emotions, and self-efficacy, especially when combined with an emotionally secure family relationship, can ensure adolescents' well-being.

Relationship between different types of complement syntax and false belief in Mandarin-speaking children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children.

Previous studies have shown that complement syntax is closely associated with false belief (FB) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the relationship between different types of complement syntax and FB remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between different types of complement syntax and FB in both ASD and typically developing (TD) children. Thirty Mandarin-speaking ASD and TD children, each matched for language ability, were included. Children completed different types of complement syntax tasks, verbal and nonverbal FB. For the ASD children, results demonstrated that sentential complement syntax independently predicted verbal and nonverbal FB, while phrasal complement syntax only predicted nonverbal FB. For the TD children group, sentential complement syntax only predicted verbal FB. This indicates that as the language demands of the FB task decrease, ASD children can use both types of complement syntax for its prediction. Moreover, the characteristics of ASD children differ from TD children in terms of the relationship between different types of complement syntax and FB. The results of this study support de Villiers' point of view from the Mandarin perspective and provide evidence for the social-cognitive component of the theory of mind.

Analysis of lncRNA in the skeletal muscle of rabbits at different developmental stages.

It is universally acknowledged that lncRNA plays an important role in the regulation of animal skeletal muscle development regulation. However, there is a lack of relevant research on lncRNA in rabbit skeletal muscle development. Thus, we explored the expression profiles of lncRNA in rabbits at three growth stages (2-week-old fetus, 6-week-old post-weaning, and 6-month-old adult) using RNA-seq. A total of 554 differentially expressed lncRNAs (235 up- and 319 down-regulated) were found between the post-weaning and fetus groups and 19 (7 up- and 12 down-regulated) between the post-weaning and adult groups and 429 (115 up- and 314 down-regulated) between the fetus and adult. The enrichment pathways in the post-weaning and fetus groups were mainly concentrated at AMPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, and the co-expression results revealed that LINC-2903, LINC-2374, LINC-8591 plays a role in early maintenance of skeletal muscle development. The enriched pathways in the fetus and adult groups were mainly involved in PI3K-Akt signaling pathways with a strong association found in mTOR signaling pathways. Analysis of the co-expression results suggests that LINC-5617 may be involved in the proliferation of embryonic skeletal muscle cells, and that LINC-8613 and LINC-8705 may provide energy for postnatal skeletal muscle development. The specific roles of different lncRNAs in different developmental stages of New Zealand White rabbits obtained. This will contribute to the subsequent study on the regulatory mechanism of muscle development in New Zealand White rabbits.

The Defects of Epigenetic Reprogramming in Dox-Dependent Porcine-iPSCs.

Porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) are of great significance to animal breeding and human medicine; however, an important problem is that the maintenance of piPSCs mainly depends on exogenous expression of pluripotent transcription factors (TFs), and germline transmission-competent piPSCs have not yet been successfully established. In this study, we explore the defect of epigenetic reprogramming during piPSCs formation, including chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and imprinted gene expression, with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq, WGBS, RNA-seq, and Re-seq) methods. We found the somatic features were successfully silenced by connecting closed chromatin loci with downregulated genes, while DNA methylation has limited effects on somatic silence. However, the incomplete chromatin remodeling and DNA demethylation in pluripotency genes hinder pluripotent activation, resulting in the low expression of endogenous pluripotency genes. In addition, the expression of potential imprinted genes was abnormal, and many allelic-biased expressed genes in porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) were erased, accompanied by establishment of new allelic-biased expressed genes in piPSCs. This study reveals the aberrant epigenetic reprogramming during dox-dependent piPSCs formation, which lays the foundation for research of porcine-iPSC reprogramming and genome imprinting.

Longitudinal impact of parent-teacher relationship on middle school students' academic achievements in China.

Objective: The study aims to discuss the longitudinal impact of the parent-teacher relationship on students' academic achievements in China. Method: Based on the China Education Panel Survey, covering the data from 438 classes of 112 schools in 28 county-level administrative areas in China, we used the hierarchical linear model to analyze the data. Results: We found that the parents' active communication with teachers, parents' participation in parent meetings, teachers' active contact, whether parents are afraid to communicate with teachers, and parents' willingness to participate in parent meetings have significant relationships with students' academic achievements. At the class level, the extent of teachers' stress from parents' requests and teachers' perception of respect from parents also affected students' academic achievements significantly in the Chinese context. Conclusion: There was a longitudinal association between the parent-teacher relationship and students' academic achievements. The practical implication was discussed in the paper.

Understanding the Relationship between Parental Psychological Control and Prosocial Behavior in Children in China: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Gender.

OBJECTIVES: Prosocial behavior is essential for individuals' development, and the study aims to analyze the relationship between parental psychological control and prosocial behavior. METHOD: The current study investigated the relationships among Paternal Psychological Control (endogenous variable), General Self-Efficacy (mediator), and Prosocial Behaviors (exogenous endogenous variable) via a moderated mediation modeling approach (gender as the moderator). A total of 1822 Chinese students aged from 7- to 17-year-old (Mage = 12.4 years old, SDage = 1.89, 48.6% girls) were included in the current study. RESULTS: After controlling participants' age, the only child status, family income, and parent's education level, results revealed that higher levels of parental control were associated with lower levels of students' self-efficacy, which, in turn, reduced students' prosocial behavior intention. Moreover, the relationship between self-efficacy and prosocial behavior intention was moderated by students' gender, where the positive effects of self-efficacy on prosocial behavior intentions were reduced in girls. CONCLUSION: Findings highlight the importance of parental psychological control for supporting children's self-efficacy to promote prosocial behaviors on different gender groups.

Fluorene-decorated Ir(III) complexes: synthesis, photophysics and tunable triplet excited state properties in aggregation.

Two new heteroleptic cationic Ir(III) complexes bearing benzothiazole and pyridine motifs on fluorene groups were synthesized and characterized. Complexes Ir1 and Ir2 exhibit 1π,π* transitions below 430 nm, with broad but weak metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer absorption bands above 430 nm. Both complexes possess long-lived emissions (τem = 0.37 µs for Ir1, τem = 5.41 µs for Ir2) and triplet excited states (τTA = 0.14 µs for Ir1, τTA = 6.06 µs for Ir2). Their optical properties in solution and aggregated states were also investigated. Both Ir(III) complexes exhibit aggregation-induced phosphorescence emission behavior in an acetonitrile-water mixture. As the water content increased to 90%, the emission intensities of complexes Ir1 and Ir2 increased nearly 3 times and 2.8 times, respectively. Moreover, nonlinear transmittance experiments were performed in CH3CN and a CH3CN-H2O mixture (fw = 90%), and the strength of the reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 532 nm followed the trend: Ir2 (CH3CN) ≥ Ir1 (CH3CN) > Ir2 (CH3CN-H2O) > Ir1 (CH3CN-H2O). Abundant triplet state excitons participated in the radiative transition progress, which inhibited the RSA process. These results indicate that the fluorene-decorated Ir(III) complexes are suitable for aggregation emission and optical power limiting applications.

Examining distractor qualities of pediatrics subject tests from a national assessment.

Background: Analyzing distractor qualities of a pediatrics subject test in a national-level examination is vital in developing high-quality items for the discipline. Yet traditional approaches focus on key answers only and therefore are less informative. The number of distractors can also be parsimonized to improve the item development. Materials and methods: From a pediatrics subject test at the national level, raw responses of 44,332 examines to nineteen multiple-choice questions were analyzed, such that the distractor qualities were evaluated via traditional and advanced methods such as canonical correlation index. Additionally, a simulation study was conducted to investigate the impact of eliminating distractor numbers on reliability. Results: The traditional item analysis showed that most items had acceptable psychometric properties, and two items were flagged for low item difficulty and discrimination. Distractor analysis showed that about one-third of items had poorly functioning distractors based on relatively a low choice frequency (<5%) and a small effect size of distractor discrimination. The simulation study also confirmed that shrinking distractor numbers to 4 was viable. Conclusions: Integrating multiple methods, especially the advanced ones, provides comprehensive evaluations of the item quality. Simulations can help re-consider the decision to set distractor numbers for cost-effectiveness. These proposed methods can improve further development of the pediatrics subject test.

The impact of career-related parental behaviors on career decision-making self-efficacy and ambivalence-A latent growth model.

INTRODUCTION: The current study investigated the developmental trajectory of adolescents' career decision-making self-efficacy (self-efficacy) and ambivalence in career decision-making (ambivalence) as well as the longitudinal impact of career-related parental behaviors (parental behaviors) on self-efficacy and self-efficacy on ambivalence. METHODS: We recruited 588 students from two elementary schools and three middle schools from city of Guangzhou, Province Guangdong in China. Participants were from Grade 4 to Grade 9 with an average age of 11.88 (SD = 1.63), 321 (54.6%) were male, and 9 (1.53%) were missing for gender. We applied a latent growth model using data from all three waves. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After applying a latent growth model using data from all three waves, the results have indicated that self-efficacy decreased as these participants transitioned from childhood to early adolescence, and that their ambivalence fell on an increasing trajectory. Cross-sectionally, it indicated that "support" of parental behaviors was positively associated with self-efficacy, and "interference" of parental behaviors was positively associated with ambivalence. Longitudinally, "interference" of parental behaviors was negatively predicting the change rate of self-efficacy. A predictive relation did not exist between self-efficacy and ambivalence, such that a negative correlation was observed on a cross-sectional level. Implications and limitations are discussed as well.

Parental Home Monitoring and Support and Students' Online Learning and Socioemotional Well-Being During COVID-19 School Suspension in Hong Kong.

Contextualized in the prolonged period of COVID-19-related school suspension in Hong Kong, the present study unravels relationships among socioeconomic status (SES), parental involvement, and learning outcomes for a matched sample of 186 primary and 932 secondary school students and their parents who participated in the eCitizen Education 360 survey. Three-step latent profile analysis (LPA) revealed different types of parental involvement at home and in school. For the primary school sample, students' SES did not predict membership in the parental involvement typology, but students whose parents provided more home monitoring and support had the highest level of online self-efficacy. As for the secondary student sample, students whose parents provided more home monitoring and support tended to have access to more home learning resources. Students whose parents provided home monitoring and support had the highest levels of online self-efficacy, acquisition of digital skills, and cognitive-emotional regulation, and were the least worried about school resumption. The study underscores complex patterns of parental involvement and identifies effective parental involvement practices that contribute to students' home online learning during the school suspension.