Enzymatic and biochemical properties of lens in age-related cataract versus diabetic cataract: A narrative review.

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. There is an increased incidence of cataract formation in the diabetic population due to several factors. Diabetes mellitus accelerates the development of cataract. Oxidative stress results in most of the diabetic complications including diabetic cataract. Oxidative stress leading to the expression of various enzymes has also been proven as crucial for cataractous changes in the lens in old age. A narrative review was undertaken to investigate the expression of different biochemical parameters as well as enzymes in diabetic and senile cataracts. Identification of these parameters is crucial for the prevention and treatment of blindness. Combinations of MeSH terms and key words were used to do literature search in PubMed. The search resulted 35 articles and among them, 13 were relevant to the topic and were included in synthesis of results. Seventeen different types of enzymes were identified in the senile and diabetic cataracts. Seven biochemical parameters were also identified. Alteration in biochemical parameters and expression of enzymes were comparable. Majority of the parameters were raised or altered in diabetic cataract compared to senile cataract.

Assessment of optic disk by disk damage likelihood scale staging using slit-lamp biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography in diagnosing primary open-angle glaucoma.

Purpose: The current study was aimed at assessment of optic disk by disk damage likelihood scale (DDLS) staging using slit-lamp biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in diagnosing primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study of 106 POAG patients, which was conducted from April 2017 to April 2018. All patients underwent slit-lamp fundoscopy with a +78 D lens and high-definition (HD)-OCT, and the vertical cup disk ratios (VCDRs) were recorded. Disk size and neuroretinal rim assessment were done, and the disk was then staged using the recent version, which stages the optic nerve head (ONH) from 1 to 10 as read from the DDLS nomogram table. DDLS scores >5 indicate glaucomatous damage. Pearson coefficient was used to correlate the DDLS staging by slit-lamp biomicroscopy with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), disk size, and VCDR and VCDR, mean deviation, and DDLS staging by HD-OCT. Results: The mean age of the patients was 59.54 ± 6.61 years. The male: female ratio was 2:1. The mean IOP was 16.04 ± 1.97 mmHg, and BCVA was 0.72 ± 0.13 LogMAR units. The mean VCDR on 78 D slit-lamp biomicroscopy was 0.76 ± 0.09 (standard deviation [SD]) (range 0.1-0.77), whereas on HD-OCT, the mean VCDR was 0.81 ± 0.09 (SD) (range 0.07-0.81). The mean deviation on visual field testing in decibels was -14.43 ± 3.31 (SD). The correlation coefficient between DDLS staging by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and DDLS staging by HD-OCT parameters was r = 0.96. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the DDLS system of optic disk evaluation on slit-lamp biomicroscopy and most of the HD-OCT evaluation parameters.