RESUMO
Mastodynia is defined as breast tenderness and pain, also called mastalgia. There are several types of cyclic, noncyclic and extramammary. The cyclic mastodynia is the most common one, and represents a clinical symptom of the premenstrual syndrome and of the more severe premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The article outlines different types of mastalgia with their typical clinical features, including the relatively rear Tietze's syndrome and MONDOR'S disease, as well as the PMS and the PMDD. The authors also offer a diagnostic algorithm and specific diagnostic criteria. There is also a discussion on the main treatment alternatives being symptomatic treatment of the most troublesome symptoms or alteration of the menstrual cycle and a brief discussion on the pharmaceutical preparations used for treatment including the administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI).
Assuntos
Mastodinia/diagnóstico , Mastodinia/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome Pré-Menstrual/diagnóstico , Síndrome Pré-Menstrual/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Mastodinia/complicações , Mastodinia/fisiopatologia , Ciclo Menstrual/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndrome Pré-Menstrual/complicações , Síndrome Pré-Menstrual/fisiopatologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/uso terapêuticoAssuntos
Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Compostos Organometálicos/toxicidade , Fosfatase Ácida/metabolismo , Fosfatase Alcalina/metabolismo , Animais , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucose/metabolismo , Injeções Espinhais , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/enzimologia , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organometálicos/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Experiments involving 120 male Wistar rats were performed to study the effect of treatment with cadmium acetate and external irradiation. A single 0.5 mg/kg body weight dose of cadmium acetate was administered intratracheally. Shortly thereafter, the animals received a single whole-body exposure to 4 Gy gamma rays (cesium source). Findings indicated the chemical elevated enzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AlP), and acid phosphatase (AP), as well as protein content and percentage of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); the percentage of alveolar macrophages was sharply reduced. Radiation alone produced no substantial changes in the parameters investigated. Treatment with both agents combined was found to result in a synergistic rise of LDH, AlP, and AP activities and protein content in BALF. It was concluded that the BALF biochemical markers used are reliable indicators for identifying the type of combined effect produced in the lungs by chemical agents and ionizing radiation.
